Slide 1 Flowers LHAP 104 Botany http://www.plantlife.org.uk/ Slide 2 Flowers flowers are designed by nature to attract specific pollinators (insects, birds, bats, wind…) once a flower is “pollinated”, fertilization may occur resulting is seed production, the ultimate goal of most plants. (Reproduction of the species) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Slide 3 Angiosperms Have their seeds enclosed in an ovary from a true flower The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Slide 4 Gymnosperms Conifers do not have a true flower they produce their “naked seed” in structures such as cones examples: pine, spruce fir, Douglas fir, etc. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Slide 5 The parts of a “true” flower The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Slide 6 Pedicel vs Peduncle a pedicel is the stalk of an individual flower a peduncle is the stalk of the entire “inflorescence” of the plant (the inflorescence is defined as the arrangement of flowers on the stalk) peduncle pedicle Slide 7 4 “series” of floral parts Sepals Petals Stamens Pistil (has the ovary) amnh.org/learn/biodiversity Slide 8 Sepals modified leaves found in the first or outermost whorl of the flower they protect the flower bud collectively, a group of sepals is called the calyx nature.ca Slide 9 Petals petals make up the second whorl of attachment to the receptacle and serves to attract pollinators colourful and/or fragrant petals attract insect pollinators who are seeking nectar collectively a group of petals is referred to as the corolla The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Slide 10 Stamens the male sexual parts are called stamens Stamens are composed of two parts: the anther and the filament the anther produces pollen the filament holds the anther in an appropriate position for pollination Bob Mulligan Slide 11 The Pistil the female sexual flower parts Pistols are composed of 3 parts: stigma, style and ovary the stigma is a sticky pad which captures pollen the style connects the stigma to the ovary the ovary is the swollen basal part of the pistil. Inside the ovary are the eggs known as ovules. Bob Mulligan Slide 12 Superior or Inferior Ovary based on the attachment to the receptacle in a superior position, the sepals, petals and stamens are attached below the ovary in an inferior position, the sepals, petals and stamens are attached above the ovary Slide 13 www.csu.edu.au www.csu.edu.au www.csu.edu.au Slide 14 Complete and incomplete flowers A flower is complete if it has all four floral parts If a flower is missing one or more then it is considered incomplete plantmaterialsandusage.blogspot.com ohioplants.org Slide 15 Perfect and Imperfect flowers refers to the sexual parts only a perfect flower has both male and female parts: pistil and stamens www.hort.cornell.edu Slide 16 Perfect and Imperfect flowers a imperfect flower is missing one of male or female parts pistillate flower would only have a pistil (ovary) a staminate flower would only have stamens wnmu.edu pistillate staminate Slide 17 Monoecious and dioecious plants classification based on the sexual parts contained within the flowers Dioecious means the plants are “divorced”. The male and female flowers live in separate ‘houses’ Monoecious means the plants are “married”. The male and female flowers live in the same ‘house’ The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. monecious flowers on one plant are Male or female Alder Slide 18 Monoecious and dioecious plants classification based on the sexual parts contained within the flowers Dioecious means the plants are “divorced”. The male and female flowers live in separate ‘houses’ Monoecious means the plants are “married”. The male and female flowers live in the same ‘house’ The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. dioecious all flowers are either Male or Female Willow Slide 19 Flower symmetry If a flower can reflect a mirror image with only one line drawn vertically through the centre, this is called bilateral symmetry Sweet Pea, Snapdragon and Iris are examples The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Slide 20 Flower symmetry If a flower can reflect a mirror image with lines in more than one direction, then the flower regular this is called radially symmetrical The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Slide 21 Simple & compound pistils a simple pistil has a simple ovary (peach) a compound pistil has an ovary with multiple sections (cantaloupe) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Slide 22 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Slide 23 Adnate vs connate Sometimes flower parts are joined together… known as fusion If the flower parts are of the same type (ie. petal to petal) the fusion is called connate fusion If the flower parts are of different types (ie. stamen to petal) the fusion is called adnate fusion Some plants have both, eg, Monkeyflower connate fusion adnate fusion The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Slide 24 Tepals A few flower types have sepals and petals that are very similar in size, shape and colour. The sepals look the same as the petals so they are referred to as tepals The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.