Slide 1 Climbing, Lifting, Rigging & Hoisting Section 1 B Slide 2 Personal Protective Equipment for Climbing OHS establishes requirements for PPE when working aloft. A fall protection plan is required by your employer Ensures you are protected from the risk of injury. Your employer must put a fall protection plan in place if: If you are not protected by guard rails Could fall from 3 or more meters Slide 3 Full Body Harness When a full body harness or vest style harness is required: Your employer must ensure that the equipment is approved to the appropriate standards Your fall protection must be: Designed to suit the characteristics of your work environment Designed to ensure it will not be damaged or fail due to sharp edges, corrosive materials or abrasive surfaces Slide 4 Slide 5 Your employer is responsible to ensure you inspect your fall protection equipment prior to each work shift The inspection must confirm your equipment is free from: Substances and defects that could cause malfunction Fall protection systems must be re-certified as required by the manufacturer Slide 6 You and your employer must make sure that any fall protection is taken out of service: If the device: Could be defective (frayed, burn marks from sparks) Has come in contact with excessive heat or substances (paint or grease) Has stopped a fall It cannot be returned to service until a professional engineer or manufacturer’s rep. has certified the system safe to use Once removed from service it must be destroyed or returned to the manufacturer Steps for donning the full body harness Donning A Harness Slide 7 Ladders Different types of ladders are designed to keep you safe & productive while climbing or standing! Using the wrong ladder or ignoring limitations of climbing equipment may result in serious fall or injury. Never work from the top two rungs, cleats or steps of any portable ladder unless permitted by manufacturer's specifications! Slide 8 Stepladders The most popular of all ladder styles: Used most often for low or medium heights Slide 9 Double Stepladders (Two-person Ladders) Double or twin step ladders have steps on both sides two-way access Advantage of extending the user’s work area Allows two people to work at once Slide 10 Extension Ladders Ladders can only be used safely if they are used properly! Make sure it is good condition and the right ladder for the job! How to use a ladder safely Slide 11 Duty Ratings For Maximum Load of a Ladder Slide 12 Materials Wood: Electrically non-conductive when clean & dry Aluminum: Strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistant Fiberglass: Electrically non-conductive, strong Slide 13 Scaffold Systems Two common types of scaffolding systems commonly used are: Elevating Working Platforms Height adjustable Slide 14 2. Framed Scaffolds Fixed height How to choose the Right Scaffold & Safety Slide 15 Scaffold Ratings Type Uniformly Distributed Load Maximum Plank/Platform Span Light-duty 122 Kg/m2 max. 3.0 m (10’) Heavy-duty 122 Kg/m2 to 367 Kg/m2 2.3 m (7’ 6”) The scaffold must be designed and constructed to support at least 4 x the load that may be imposed on it. Scaffolding Safety Slide 16 Lifting & Load Moving Equipment Manual handling or manual materials handling at the worksite involves: Lifting, moving and transferring equipment and materials at the worksite If lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, carring, holding, dragging or supporting objects is not done correctly can result in musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) to the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles and other soft tissue involved in the activity. Slide 17 Proper PPE is also included in safe manual materials handling! Gloves Steel toed boots Safety headgear Air Filtering devices (When you are working around hazardous materials). Slide 18 Hazard Assessment of Job Site by Employer OHS requires the employer to conduct a work site hazard assessment: Identify any hazards when manual material handling is required This also includes hazards related to lifting and handling loads that could cause or aggravate an injury Slide 19 The Hazard assessment should ensure the following factors are considered: The weight of the load The size of the load The shape of the load The number of times the load will be moved The technique used to move the load Slide 20 The information gathered will help develop a work plan to reduce the amount of manual material handling! This reduces injury for handling heavy or awkward loads Reduces time lost due to injury Reduces the incidents of damage to products and materials Slide 21 PPE for Lifting Employers when reasonable must provide equipment that will assist you with with moving the materials! When equipment is made available proper training by the employer must take place: Appropriate equipment Limitations of the equipment How to inspect the equipment How to use Skills required by the manufacture to operate the equipment Basic care and maintenance Method of loading or unloading the equipment HAZARDS that may result from operation of equipment Slide 22 Materials for Handling Equipment Outdoor & Indoor Forklifts These are used to move large items or bundles Especially useful for moving pallets Slide 23 Four-wheeled trolley Excellent for moving small loads Slide 24 Chain Hoists Used for vertical lifts or light loads Spur-Geared Chain Hoist Electric Chain Hoist Slide 25 Back Safety Alberta has no specific law regarding the max. weight a worker can lift. Restricting loads to a particular weight does not guarantee safety You could injure yourself by reaching awkwardly to pick up a very light load or by slipping and losing your balance while handling a modest load Child's play - Fun Video Slide 26 Workplace factors and personal factors that could contribute to injury: Repeated lifting Length of time during which you perform repeated lifts Size, shape and texture of the object you are lifting Distance you carry the object Height from which you lift the object Whether or not the object has handholds Extent to which you twist your body Your age, health, skill, stamina and fitness level Slide 27 General procedures for Lifting Plan your lift by assessing the load Plan movements and let others know what you are doing Move in as close as possible, and lift with your legs, plan for setting the load down Get help if the load is too heavy Before lifting an object, position your feet properly Feet should be shoulder width apart, one foot slightly ahead of the other Slide 28 3. Bend your knees and keep your back straight as you squat down Do not let your knees touch the ground Get a good grip on the object DO NOT BEND YOUR BACK AND REACH DOWN Bend and lean with the hips and knees Slide 29 4. Keep your shoulders back, buttocks up and back straight, then lift up using your legs to carry most of the weight. Slide 30 5. After lifting the load, move heading in the direction that your forward foot is pointing, this reduces the amount of twisting you have to do. Back Safety Slide 31 What your Employer Can Do to Prevent Back Injuries Reduce or eliminate heavy and repetitive lifting Reduce the weight and size of the objects to be lifted Replace lifting and lowering with pushing and pulling Provide lifting equipment such as carts, dollies and scissor lifts Reduce the distance objects must be carried Provide workers with adequate clearance and headroom in their work areas Reduce the distance between you and the object being lifted Suit lifting tasks to the worker’s capacities Keep track of symptoms and injures Have an ergonomic assessment done of the job and work area Slide 32 What You Can Do to Prevent Back Injuries Use power lifting equipment such as dollies or pallet jacks for loads that are too heavy for you Coordinate your lift when working with another worker Try to reduce the weight and size of the object you are attempting to lift Stretch or exercise regularly before attempting a heavy lift Lift gradually and smoothly, without jerking Report and treat back injury symptoms early Slide 33 Overextension: This happens when you lift an object that is too far away from your abdomen This places additional pressure on your muscles as you bring the object closer to your body Always try to lift objects close to your abdomen and at the waist level. Lifting In the Workplace Slide 34 Rigging Hardware This refers to the hardware components used to attach your load to the hoisting or lifting device. Properly rigging a load involves determining the: Weight of the load Center of gravity of the load Start location & final destination of the load Selecting rigging equipment with the capacity to lift the load Proper method for attaching the load to the hoisting equipment Slide 35 Safe Working Load Important safety factor when selecting rigging is the SWL (Safe Working Load) SWL can be calculated by taking a fraction of the actual breaking strength of the weakest component of the rigging equipment. Breaking strength is the minimum load required to break that component Slide 36 Loads are more easily rigged when they sit off the ground on blocking The load stays cleaner in muddy conditions Rigging hardware stays in better shape for a longer period if kept clean Slide 37 Slings are hardware components that are used to fasten loads to hoisting equipment Numerous styles and materials are available Certain characteristic make that one sling appropriate for some lifts And inappropriate for other lifts It is vital you know the application and limitations of slings you will use in this trade! Slide 38 Wire Rope Sling Made from carbon steel or stainless steel laid around an independant wire rope core This helps eliminate the possibility of the sling being severely damaged from crushing when it is in service Slide 39 To safeguard against wire rope sling breakage during a lift, a margin of safety or a safety factor is employed. Provides an extra degree of safety to reduce risk and ensure wire rope failure does not occur. Several safety factors are used when using wire rope for lifting applications 5:1 safety factor for general rigging and hoisting 10:1 safety factor for lifting and transporting workers 20:1 safety factor when used for public elevators 5:1 means the SWL of the sling would be one fifth of the breaking strength of the wire rope The SWL of the rope can be determined by consulting the tag on the sling or the appropriate table for application Slide 40 Synthetic Fibre Web Slings Fabricated from man-made fibers such as nylon (Polyester) Threads of the material are produced, then woven together to produce a belt or rope Belts or ropes are cut into length and sewn into a sling in many styles Double Eye Sling - Vertical & basket slings Return Eye Sling (reversed eye) - Choker hitch Slide 41 Benefits of Synthetic Fibre Web Slings: Do not deface or scratch highly polished or delicate surfaces Excellent for protecting expensive equipment or fragile loads Absorbs shock loads better as the synthetic slings are highly elastic Flatter & wider in design, contact a better portion of the load surface Less likely the load will slip Lightweight and great flexibility Quick & safe fastening Slide 42 All synthetic slings have a label attached to specify safe working load for various sling configurations. Sling width, length & type of material & warning about exposing the sling to elevated temperatures Sling manufacturers provide charts for SWL for particular slings Slide 43 Synthetic web slings are constructed with red core yarns and must be discarded and destroyed when wear or damage has exposed red core. Slide 44 Chain Slings Chain slings are made from lengths of chain and are designed to handle difficult loads Steel alloy must be used to fabricate Manufacturers emboss identification codes onto the chains so you can easily identify the type of steel Slide 45 All chain slings are required to have a manufacturer’s identification tag attached to them Tag indicates the type of alloy used The size of steel used for the links Length of the sling Type of sling Slings working load at specific angles Serial number Slide 46 Single leg chain and three variations of chain sling configurations. The working load limit (WLL) on a particular chain refers to the maximum load that can safely be applied to a straight length chain IF YOU CANNOT IDENTIFY THE CAPACITY OF THE CHAIN, DO NOT USE IT FOR LIFTING! Slide 47 Rigging Hardware inspections Your employer is responsible for the inspection of all rigging equipment prior to the commencement of each shift. When you inspect the rigging hardware you must determine whether the hardware is safe or if it must be taken out of service and destroyed. Use a magnifying glass to inspect! Slide 48 End fittings on the chain sling must also be inspected Hooks must be made from forged steel and the load, rating, in tons, must be stamped on the hook Regular inspection for wear in the saddle of the hook and for cracks or distortion of the hook’s shape. Slide 49 Wire rope slings must be inspected for signs of wear, fatigued wires, crushed or broken wires, kinks, ballooning or bird caging and signs of heat damage. Take it out of service and destroy if there are signs of damage. Slide 50 Rigging A wide range of equipment is available to attach your load to lifting devices! It is essential to your safety and the safety of those working around you that all equipment you have assembled to accomplish the task is able to withstand the stress that is applied to it during the lifting process! Slide 51 The first consideration is the weight of the load: This has a significant influence on the type of rigging equipment required The size and capacity of the lifting equipment that you use OHS specifies that your rigging cannot lift a load greater than 20% or 5:1 of the ultimate breaking strength of the weakest part of the rigging hardware being used. If the load is being used to lift or lower a worker this is reduced to 10% Employers must ensure maximum working load rating of any rigging hardware you use is clearly displayed on each rigging component Slide 52 Effects of Sling Angle on a Load The size, weight and shape of your load determines the specific method to attach the load to your lifting device. The recommended safe lifting angle for slings is 60 degrees This sling angle forms a equilateral triangle between the sling legs and the load Slide 53 The following steps should be used to ensure the sling angle is acceptable: Measure the length of the sling leg & fittings Find the center of gravity of the load Measure an equal distance on either side of the gravity, equal to half the length of the sling leg & fittings. Position the sling legs to these two points before making a lift. Slide 54 The center of gravity of an object is the point at which all its weight is considered to be concentrated. The center of gravity influences the balance of the object when it is lifted. Perform a test by lifting the object a short distance. Chain sling load levellers allow you adjust sling lengths Levellers allow you to position the lifting device over the center of gravity of the load Slide 55 Rigging Hardware Eyebolts Alloy steel eye bolts equipped with shoulders or collars are recommended Slide 56 Shackles (two types) Anchor (bow type) Chain (D type) Slide 57 Rings & Links Used to connect two or more slings eyes at a common point Slide 58 Hooks All hooks should be made from forged alloy steel SWL in tons stamped or forged into the hook Slide 59 Positioning the load correctly in the middle of the saddle hook is important SWL only applies when the load on the hook is centered in the saddle Slide 60 Swivels Device positioned between the hook and the load Allows the load to be turned without twisting the load line. Slide 61 Spreader Bars & Equalizer Beams Used to support loads that are long, difficult to handle or susceptible to crushing. Reduces severe sling angles Provides safety for difficult lifts Slide 62 Blocks Used to safely move a load that is greater in weight than the SWL of the rope. Provides a mechanical advantage Slide 63 Safe hoisting & Load Moving Procedures Using hand signals is important when working with cranes and hoists. There are a variety of signals that are required and it is important that the operator and signalman agree on what signals to use and what each signal means. Slide 64 The signalman is required to signal the operator whenever: The operator cannot see the load or the landing area The distance from the load to the operator is great enough that it is difficult for the operator to judge the distance The crane is within a booms length of electrical lines The operator does not have a clear view of the path being taken Slide 65 The signalman should: Have a clear view of the operator Have a clear view of the object and it’s path Be out of the path of the object’s travel Slide 66 Slide 67