Fruit LHAP 1 revised

Slide 1 Fruit Botany LHAP104 wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons Slide 2 Fruit Fruit is an ovary and its accessory parts that have developed and matured. All fruits develop from flower ovaries so are found exclusively in Angiosperms, the flowering plant. The fruits will most often contain seeds. Sometimes other parts of the flower are included in the fruit. tumblr.com Slide 3 some “vegetables” are fruit we think of fruit as being sweet and dessert-like but vegetables, that contain the plant’s seeds, are botanically called “fruit”. en.wikipedia.org Ovary Slide 4 Pollination and Fertilization Pollination simply means that pollen has landed on the stigma. Fertilization is necessary for the development of the fruit (and seed) See how flowering plants are fertilized by watching: https://youtu.be/LdlxUJhoyx4 Pollination Double fertilization Slide 5 Functions of the fruit fruit protects the seed fruit assists in the spread of the seed fruit may assist in the timing of germination of the seed http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/ commons.wikimedia.org commons.wikimedia.org Slide 6 Fruit regions - The Pericarp the skin of the fruit is called the EXOCARP the inner boundary around the seed forms the ENDOCARP. This can be hard and stony (peach pit) or papery (apples). The MESOCARP is often the fleshy tissue between the endocarp and the exocarp. The endocarp and mesocarp are not necessarily distinct from one another. Slide 7 McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Slide 8 Fleshy fruits Fruits whose mesocarp is at least partly fleshy 1. Simple fruits develop from a flower with a single pistil McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Slide 9 Berry Usually develops from a compound ovary and often contains more than one seed. images8.alphacoders.com/ Slide 10 Pome pomes come from inferior ovaries. The endocarp is papery or leathery. the bulk of the flesh comes from an enlarged receptacle. en.wikipedia.org Slide 11 Drupe A drupe has all 3 layers. The endocarp is a “stone” that encloses a single seed. (stone fruits) pssc.ttu.edu Slide 12 Pepo mostly from the pumpkin family most distinctive feature is the tough leathery rind that is difficult to separate from the flesh quickiwiki.com Slide 13 Hesperidium easily recognized by a leathery rind with oil glands the carpets can be removed into segments found in the citrus groups en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org Slide 14 Dry fruits Dry fruits are fruits with the mesocarp totally dry when mature Dry fruits are classified into 2 groups: a) indehiscent b) dehiscent wikimedia.org en.wikipedia.org Slide 15 Indehiscent dry fruits Dry fruits that do not split apart at maturity Achene Grain (caryopsis) Nut Schizocarp Samara (a winged achene) Achene Grain Nut en.wikipedia.org commons.wikimedia.org Samara Schizocarp Slide 16 Indehiscent dry fruits Dry fruits that do not split apart at maturity Achene: stiff and leathery pericarp (but not woody) e.g. sunflower Grain (caryopsis) : seed coat and pericarp are fused together e.g. wheat kernel Nut : a single seed with a hard and woody pericarp e.g. acorn Schizocarp : separates into two one-seeded fruitlets at maturity eg. carrot seed Samara (a winged achene): pericarp is extended into a papery wing e.g. maple Slide 17 Dehiscent dry fruits Dry fruit that do split apart at maturity capsule silique silicle follicle legume loment Achene commons.wikimedia.org Samara en.wikipedia.org Capsule en.wikipedia.org Follicle en.wikipedia.org Legume Loment en.wikipedia.org Silique Silicle en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org Slide 18 Dehiscent dry fruits Dry fruit that do split apart at maturity capsule:consists of 2 or more carpels-split open to release many seeds e.g.poppy silique:long narrow fruit with 2 carpels that splits along two seams; there’s a papery partition eg. mustards silicle: a shorter and wider form of a silique e.g. stinkweed follicle: splits along one side or seam e.g. milkweed legume: splits along two sides or seams e.g. peas loment: like a legume but has constrictions in the pod between the seeds e.g. vetch Slide 19 Aggregate fruits Fruits from a single flower with many pistils develops into a tiny fruitlet. These mature as a cluster on a single receptacle. eg. strawberry - a cluster of achenes eg. raspberry - a cluster of drupes commons.wikimedia.org en.wikipedia.org Slide 20 Multiple fruits Many separate flower flowers in a single inflorescence each with its own ovary, producing individual fruits that are united on a common surface eg. pineapple en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org Slide 21 Fruit and seed dispersal How fruit and seed are transported from one place to another A.Schill Fireweed Slide 22 Dispersal by wind curved wings wooly hairs seed that is tiny and very lightweight plume-like parachutes tumbleweeds wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons Slide 23 Dispersal by animals animals eat the fruit and is then they are released through the digestive tract gathered and stored by rodents catch on to fur contain attractive oils to ants en.wikipedia.org Slide 24 Dispersal by water fruit may contain trapped air which allows them to float floods may dislodge plants parts and carry them downstream willows, poplars etc that live near water’s edge en.wikipedia.org