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Lecture - B2 Materials for Low Voltage Lighting Installations
LHAP 302A-61-40680 (FA25) - Water and Light/Module B - Lighting/Lecture - B2 Materials for Low Voltage Lighting Installations.pdf
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Lecture B2 Materials for Low Voltage Lighting Installations
Site: Olds College Online
Course: LSGR 306 Landscape Construction II (Warke 2015)
Book: Lecture B2 Materials for Low Voltage Lighting Installations
Printed by: Annalise Layden
Date: Monday, 9 November 2015, 9:17 AM
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Table of contents
Introduction
Lamp Selection: LED vs. Incandescent, or Halogen
Fixture Types and Uses
Bullet Lights
Well Lights
Post and Bollard Lights
Low Area Lights
Recessed Stair Lights
Fixtures for Underwater Use
Other Fixtures
Other Materials Involved in Low Voltage Lighting
Wire and Cable
Wire Connectors
Switches, Boxes and Receptacles
Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI)
Low Voltage Transformers
Circuit Breakers
Conduit
Voltage Drop Calculation
Review Questions
Summary
References
What's Next?
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Introduction
Lighting designers and engineers have developed a vast array of lighting fixtures, lamps and other materials used for outdoor
illumination. Different kinds of fixtures and lamps are better suited for different applications, and the styles of fixtures available make
it possible to find something that fits with virtually any landscape theme or style. Choosing appropriate quality components for the
rest of the lighting system (e.g. wire, transformers) will ensure that your installation provides troublefree service for years to come.
Learning Outcomes
After completing this module, you will be able to:
describe selected types of fixtures and their uses,
describe other materials needed for a low voltage lighting installation, and
complete a voltage drop calculation.
Learning Activity
Review Questions Materials for Low Voltage Lighting Installations
Note: Module reviews make up 10% of the course grade, and are part of the Assignment Category on the course outline.
Their purpose is to provide you with review to enhance your learning and practice in preparation for the final examination.
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Lamp Selection: LED vs. Incandescent, or Halogen
Which should you choose for your installation?
What is the difference between LED, incandescent and halogen bulbs? Let’s start with a bit of science. LED stands for light emitting
diode. This is an electronic device that emits light when an electrical current is passed through it. Traditional incandescent and
halogen bulbs work differently; they heat a piece of wire, called a filament, to emit light.
The initial cost of LED lighting is higher than incandescent, which makes some people hesitant about choosing LED lamps.
However, LED lamps will save you money in the long run. Lowvoltage LED landscape lighting uses a fraction (e.g. 15 %) of the
electricity required for halogen or incandescent bulbs. LED lighting will reduce your energy consumption and the bulbs are 100%
recyclable and free of any toxic materials.
Incandescent and halogen bulbs produce a lot of heat. Up to 90 percent of their energy input is given off as heat. That could mean a
risk for fire when leaves or any other flammable materials come in contact with a hot lamp. LED lights emit very little heat.
When LED lights first arrived on the market, you could spot them a kilometer away. The light was blueish, cold and stark. But
advancements in LED technology have created warmer tones and a wide color palette. Now you cannot tell the difference between
LED lights and their traditional incandescent or halogen counterparts.
LED lighting also excels in providing more directional lighting, spotlights, task lighting while incandescent lights are generally more
omnidirectional. The ability to provide focused light is a great advantage when it comes to designing outdoor lighting.
Changing lamps? You have to change traditional incandescent or halogen lamps about once a year, while LED bulbs have greater
longevity. Many of today’s LED bulbs are rated to last 50,000 hours. This greatly reduces the amount of time spent on routine
maintenance.
The up front cost to install an LED outdoor lighting system is higher than traditional halogen, or incandescent landscape lighting, but
it won’t take long before you start saving money. LED units are longer lasting and dramatically reduce energy consumption.
Whether you choose LED or traditional incandescent or halogen, the choice of fixtures and effects remains the same.
Review the Comparison Chart: LED Lights vs. Incandescent Light Bulbs vs. CFLs (Design Recycle Inc., n.d.) to see more detailed
information about the different types of light bulbs.
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Fixture Types and Uses
As you have learned in the previous module, there are many techniques used in outdoor lighting. There is a vast array of fixtures
designed to help you achieve almost any design imaginable. Numerous suppliers are available; you will need to research to see what
is available in your area.
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Bullet Lights
A bullet light has the lamp enclosed in a cone shaped plastic, or metal shield. The shield protects the lamp and socket from debris and
moisture to avoid short circuits, and reduce glare.
Bullet lights can be used for safety lighting, spotlighting, moonlighting, uplighting, downlighting and grazing light.
Figure 1. Bullet floodlight (Light Fair International, 2014)
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Well Lights
Well lights can be used for uplighting. They are constructed from metal or plastic and have the option of attaching a grate to better
conceal the lamp. To conceal the light source, well lights are installed underground with the fixture top flush with the surface of the
ground.
Figure 2. Well light with brass grate (Unique Lighting Systems, 2015a).
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Post and Bollard Lights
One of the most popular outdoor fixtures is the post light. Frequently installed along driveways or front walks, they promote safety
by illuminating the ground. Post lights are available in wood, plastic or metal construction. Their height ranges from 1 to 3 metres.
The lamp is usually enclosed in a globe, or in a similar unit at the top of the post. The unit should diffuse the light to reduce glare,
especially if the unit is situated at eye level. Frosted glass or white plastic works well to reduce glare.
Figure 3. Orientalstyle post lamp (LampClick, n.d.).
Bollard lights are very similar to post lights, but are only about 1 metre high. They have a lamp enclosed behind glass or plastic
panels, which are incorporated into the post itself. They are usually made from wood, metal or polyethylene, with many styles to
choose from.
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Figure 4. Bollard constructed from poly resin (Garden Light Shop.com, n.d.)
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Low Area Lights
Low area or path lights normally stand 1 metre or less. Light from these fixtures is diffused through plastic panels, or channelled
toward the ground with louvres or a shield to reduce glare. These fixtures are used for path, safety and contour lighting. Area lighting
of flat surfaces or ground covers is another use for these lights. Low area lights are available in just about as many styles and
materials as you can imagine. There is also choices in the amount of shielding, lamp size and the area that one fixture can effectively
illuminate.
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Figure 5. Pagoda style fixture (Best Pro Lighting, 2015).
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Recessed Stair Lights
These fixtures are designed to be built into walls or steps to provide illumination to stair risers, treads or a landscape floor adjacent to
a wall.
Figure 6. Safety and wayfinding provided by recessed lights (Dekor, 2015).
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Fixtures for Underwater Use
Most manufacturers are now providing fixtures that can be used under water. Some are designed as uplights for the bottom of the
pool, where they cast their light on a fountain, cascade or other moving water to hide the source of the light. Others are just a sealed
glass globe covering a lamp, providing a soft, multiuse underwater light. Many of the underwater fixtures are available with globes
of lenses in different colours for unique night effects.
Figure 7. Underwater LED lighting makes the waterfall a focal point of the evening garden. (Arbor Ridge, 2015).
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Other Fixtures
There are a variety of other fixtures for adding accent lighting to the garden. Strings of mini lights on trees or shrubs, flower shaped
fixtures for use in planters and twinkle lights to cast a star light pattern on a wall are just a sampling of what is available.
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Figure 8. It is easy to create a unique look with the ever increasing variety of available fixtures (McKay Landscape Lighting, 2015).
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Other Materials Involved in Low Voltage Lighting
Once you have selected fixtures, there are a number of pieces that you will require to hook the system together. Wire and cable, wire
connectors, switches, boxes, receptacles and low voltage transformers will link the fixtures and lamps into a system. Ground Fault
Interrupters (GFI), circuit breakers and conduit will provide electrical safety. Dimmers, remote controllers and sensors can be
connected to operate the system; time clocks allow the system to be programmed to a specific on/off regime.
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Wire and Cable
First, you need to differentiate between wire and cable. “Wire” refers to a single strand of metal, and “cable” refers to two or more
strands of wire bound together. In laymen terms “wire” is used as a generic term to mean either single or multiple strands. Electrical
wire is designated by type and size.
Figure 9. Low Voltage Direct Bury Outdoor Wire showing the two strands in the 122 cable (SDSCreative Technologies, n.d.).
Most low voltage installations use 122 (indicating a two strand cable with each wire being size 12) direct burial cable. For long runs
where voltage drop becomes a concern, use 102 or 82. Smaller numbers indicate that the wire is thicker, and able to go longer runs
with less voltage drop.
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Figure 10. Wire size chart (Inspectapedia.com, 2015).
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Wire Connectors
When joining electrical wire outdoors, good connections are crucial. A connection that has been poorly made or incorrectly insulated
could generate heat and cause a short circuit or a fire. There are special connectors manufactured for outdoor use. They are easy to
use and have a nonconductive substance, such as silicone, that protects the connection from moisture, greatly reducing the chance of
a short circuit.
Figure 11. Waterproof connectors (Sierra Irrigation, n.d.)
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Switches, Boxes and Receptacles
Electrical switches have come a long way in the past few years. At one point, your choice was on and off, but technology now allows
many choices.
A dimmer switch can be used in place of a standard switch to allow precise output from incandescent lamps, while increasing lamp
life through limiting the wear on the filament. You should purchase dimmers with at least 25% more capacity (watts) than the
electrical load on the circuit, and choose the best quality to promote long life and lower maintenance requirements on the system.
Control switches that can be plugged into any indoor receptacle to operate specially wired outdoor circuits work well for security
lighting. They allow you to switch your outdoor lights on and off from the safety of your home. The newest technology allows
control of low voltage outdoor lighting from a remote switch, iPad or cellular phone.
Figure 12. Wireless control for landscape lighting (Unique Lighting.com, 2015b).
There are many remote sensing devices that you can add to your system. A photocell is activated by light or by lack of light. They
can be programmed to control lights, fountains or any other electrical equipment. Infrared sensors are used to switch on circuits when
a person crosses the beam. This type of sensor is often used for security or path lighting. An infrared sensor could be set to
continually switch on the lights as a person travels a garden path. This type of system can also be programmed to switch off the
circuits after a specific time period has lapsed.
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Figure 13. Transformer with photocell and timer (Pond Parts.com., 2015).
Time clocks allow you to program the time, and length of time, the system will operate. Some are combined with a photocell to turn
the system on. You can program the length it will remain on. Others allow only oneon and oneoff time.
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Figure 14. Low Voltage Transformer with a timer module installed (Volt, 2015 a).
Electrical boxes contain the connections made for switches, receptacles or lighting fixtures. They are available in many sizes, with
various covers. Boxes designed for outdoor use will have watertight gaskets and covers to make them weatherproof.
Outdoor receptacles, when correctly situated, are useful for temporary lighting fixtures in recreation and entertainment areas.
Strategic placement in other areas of the garden are helpful in making the outdoor lighting system more flexible.
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Figure 15. Outdoor outlet with cover (Nuthouse Hardware, 2011).
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Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI)
A Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI) protects you from electrical shock, and is required by code on outdoor electrical installations. A
ground fault occurs when a bare wire touches any grounded object, tool or any other conducting material redirecting the electrical
current from its normal path. The electrical current may then flow along the grounded object, or through your body, if you are
standing in water on wet ground.
The GFI monitors the flow of electricity to the ground in the circuit into which it is wired. In the event of a ground fault, it will shut
the power off within about 1/40 of a second, preventing serious harm to you. For most outdoor applications you will install a GFI that
has been built into a receptacle. It will protect any fixture or receptacle further along the circuit.
Figure 16. Weather protected outdoor ground fault interrupter outlet. (There is True, 2015)
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Low Voltage Transformers
All low voltage lighting systems require a transformer to stepdown the 110volt to 12 volts. Some are mounted outdoors and must be
watertight. They should have a builtin, grounded barrier between the primary and secondary leads. They may emit a hum, so should
not be placed near a door or window. If the outdoor receptacle is not switched from indoors, consider having a switch installed for
your convenience.
Others are designed to be mounted indoors, and will not be in a watertight case. Be sure to order the right size of transformer to
provide the power your system needs. Your retailer will work with you to calculate the power requirements of the system you choose.
Some manufacturers are building a photocell into their transformers to switch the outdoor system on at dusk and off at dawn.
Figure 17. Low Voltage Transformer (Volt, 2015b).
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Circuit Breakers
For personal protection, all outdoor circuits must be protected by a GFI as well as a circuit breaker. Circuit breakers will trip (stop
the power) if the system tries to draw more electricity than the circuit is designed to handle. This offers protection from the buildup
of heat within the wires and the consequent melting of the insulation leading to a potential fire.
The number of fixtures and lamps you plan to install will determine whether you will be able to add onto an existing circuit, or if new
circuits or a second service will need to be installed. If a new circuit needs to be installed, a certified professional must complete this.
Again, the retailer should help you with the calculation of the power your system will need in order to operate.
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Figure 18. Circuit breaker panel (WiseGEEK, 2015).
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Conduit
Any pipe that contains and protects outdoor wiring is referred to as conduit. It is required by code on all above ground outdoor
wiring, 110volt and above, and may also be required below ground. Check with local authorities to find out what the code is for your
area. Low voltage 12volt systems allow direct burial of the cable without the need for conduit. This allows for easier installation of
the system and will also reduce the time and cost required to add outdoor lighting to your garden.
Figure 19. PVC conduit pipes for underground wire protection (Allwin, n.d.).
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Voltage Drop Calculation
Voltage drop is created by internal resistance to the flow of electricity through an electric cable. It is the difference between the
voltage at the beginning (source) of a cable run and at its end. If the voltage drop is great enough, there will be a noticeable decrease
in brightness of lamps along the cable. The maximum acceptable voltage drop is 1.3 to 1.5 volts.
The voltage drop must be calculated for an installation using incandescent or halogen lamps. LEDs draw much less power and the
calculation is not required for installations using these lights.
Voltage Drop = total watts on the cable x the length of the run in feet
cable size constant (from chart below)
Cable Size Constants
#18 1380
#16 2200
#14 3500
#12 7500
#10 11920
#8 18960
#6 30150
Example One
50 feet of #12 cable with three 25 watt lamps.
75 x 50 = .5 volts
7500
0.5 is an acceptable drop in voltage.
Example Two
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100 feet of #12 cable with seven 25 watt lamps
175 x 100 = 2.34 volts.
7500
This would create a noticeable decrease in brightness of lamps along the cable.
Example 2, Recalculated, Using #10 cable
175 x 100 = 1.47 volts
11920
Changing to a thicker cable results in an acceptable drop in voltage.
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Review Questions
Complete the Review Questions for this module.
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Summary
In this module, you were introduced to numerous types of fixtures and their uses, as well as the other materials, such as wire and
cable, wire connectors, switches, boxes and receptacles, ground fault interrupters, low voltage transformers, circuit breakers and
conduit.
Voltage drop calculations were also introduced. These calculations are essential when using incandescent or halogen lights, to ensure
even light along the entire low voltage installation. All these components are required for the installation of a safe, low voltage
outdoor lighting system.
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References
Arbor Ridge (2015).Why add LED underwater light, and low voltage landscape lights to your pond or waterfall in Baltimore, MD.
Retrieved from http://arborridgeservices.com/whyaddledunderwaterlightsandlowvoltagelandscapelightstoyourpondor
waterfallinbaltimoremdmaryland/
Best Pro Lighting (2015). Low voltage landscape light 3 tier pagoda. Retrieved from http://www.bestprolighting.com/patharea
lightingc2/lowvoltagelandscapelight3tierpagodabpl302p6
Dekor (2015). Outdoor recessed lights. Retrieved from http://www.dekorlighting.ca/store/shopallcategories/directionalled
lighting/outdoorrecessedlights.html
Design Recycle Inc. (n.d.). Comparison Chart: LED Lights vs. Incandescent Light Bulbs vs. CFLs Retrieved from
http://www.designrecycleinc.com/led%20comp%20chart.html
Garden Light Shop.com (n.d.). Techmar Nepos halogen or LED post lighting. Retrieved from
http://www.gardenlightshop.com/gardenpostlights/93techmarneposhalogenorledpostlighting.html
Inspectapedia.com (2015).SE cable sizes vs AMPs: How to inspect electrical serv ice entrance ampacity, voltage condition.
Retrieved from http://inspectapedia.com/electric/Electrical_SEC_Sizes_Amps.php
LampClick (n.d.). Kichler lighting: Zen garden deck post 1light 12 v. Retrieved from http://www.lampclick.com/kichlerzen
gardendeckpost1light12v15071oz.html
Light Fair International (2014). EcoSpec floodlight bullet. Retrieved from
http://www.ledsmagazine.com/content/dam/leds/PrintArticles/volume11/issue5/1406leds_fea1_EcoSpec.jpg
McKay Landscape Lighting (2014). Outdoor deck lighting: Parts 1 and 2 (March 18 and 21). Retrieved from
http://www.mckaylighting.com/blog/page/5/
Nuthouse Hardware (2011). TryMac horizontalvertical outdoor outlet cover. Retrieved from
http://nuthousehardware.com/Item660156
Pond Parts.com (2015). Transformers. Retrieved from http://www.pondparts.com/images/categories/C8773.jpg
SDSCreative Technologies (n.d.). New 122 250 ft. low voltage outdoor lighting wire. Retrieved from
http://www.sdscreativetech.com/new122250ftlowvoltage12awgoutdoorlightingwire100coppercableblack.html
Sierra Irrigation (n.d.). Waterproof connectors, size 22size 6. Retrieved from http://www.sierrairrigation.com/product/waterproof
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connectorssize22size6/
There is True (2015). Landscaping ideas backyard outlet (February 15). Retrieved from
http://biggesplan.blogspot.ca/2015/02/landscapingideasbackyardoutlet.html
Unique Lighting Systems (2015a). Apollostar. Retrieved from http://www.uniquelighting.com/signatureseriesapollostar
landscapeingroundwelllightingfixture.htm
Unique Lighting Systems ( 2015b). Light Logic. Retrieved from http://www.uniquelighting.com/lightlogicwirelesslandscape
lightingscenecontrol.html
Volt (2015a). 900 Watt multitap low voltage transformer for landscape lighting. Retrieved from
http://www.landscapelightingworld.com/LowVoltageTransformerOutdoorLightingMultitapp/7900w12vt.htm
Volt (2015b).1200 watt multi tap low voltage transformer for landscape lighting. Retrieved from
http://www.landscapelightingworld.com/LowVoltageTransformerOutdoorLightingMultitapp/71200w12vt.htm
WiseGEEK (2015). What is the difference between a fuse and a circuit breaker. Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/whatis
thedifferencebetweenafuseandacircuitbreaker.htm
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What's Next?
In module D3, the stepbystep procedure for installing a low voltage outdoor lighting system will be discussed. The steps include
obtaining permits, laying out the system and the cable, connecting the fixtures and the transformer and then testing the system.
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- http://inspectapedia.com/electric/Electrical_SEC_Sizes_Amps.php
- http://www.lampclick.com/kichlerzen
- http://www.ledsmagazine.com/content/dam/leds/PrintArticles/volume11/issue5/1406leds_fea1_EcoSpec.jpg
- http://www.mckaylighting.com/blog/page/5/
- http://nuthousehardware.com/Item660156
- http://www.pondparts.com/images/categories/C8773.jpg
- http://www.sdscreativetech.com/new122250ftlowvoltage12awgoutdoorlightingwire100coppercableblack.html
- http://www.sierrairrigation.com/product/waterproof
- http://biggesplan.blogspot.ca/2015/02/landscapingideasbackyardoutlet.html
- http://www.uniquelighting.com/signatureseriesapollostar
- http://www.uniquelighting.com/lightlogicwirelesslandscape
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- http://www.wisegeek.com/whatis