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Lecture - A4 Water Feature Maintenance
LHAP 302A-61-40680 (FA25) - Water and Light/Module A - Water/Lectures/Lecture - A4 Water Feature Maintenance.pdf
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11/9/2015 Lecture A4 Water Feature Maintenance
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Lecture A4 Water Feature Maintenance
Site: Olds College Online
Course: LSGR 306 Landscape Construction II (Warke 2015)
Book: Lecture A4 Water Feature Maintenance
Printed by: Annalise Layden
Date: Monday, 9 November 2015, 9:14 AM
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Table of contents
Introduction
General Pond Maintenance
Maintaining a Balanced Water Feature
Seasonal Maintenance
Spring Maintenance
Summer Maintenance
Autumn Maintenance
Winter Maintenance
Review Questions
Assignment B Water Feature
Summary
References
What's Next?
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Introduction
Water features are not as maintenance free as most people assume. Along with their inherent beauty, they bring challenges such as
algae, string algae, leaks and holes in the liner or plumbing. That aside, once a balanced ecosystem has been established, water
features can be relatively low maintenance, with regular deadheading of spent blooms and leaves the biggest weekly task.
Learning Outcomes
After completing this module you will be able to:
describe general water feature maintenance requirements,
explain the procedures for balancing and maintaining the balance in a water feature, and
explain seasonal water feature maintenance requirements.
Learning Activities
Review Questions Water Feature Maintenance
Assignment B Water Features
Note: Module reviews make up 10% of the course grade, and are part of the Assignment Category on the course outline.
Their purpose is to provide you with review to enhance your learning and practice in preparation for the final examination.
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General Pond Maintenance
Unfortunately, despite your best efforts, unsightly algae blooms frequently occur in water features. Abundant sunlight reaching,
nutrient rich water stimulates the rapid reproduction of algae, the most basic of aquatic plants. Commercial algaecides may be
applied if no fish or aquatic plants are present, but it is preferable to establish a natural balance in the water feature ecosystem. In a
newly established water feature, balancing will take six to eight weeks. The time varies as each feature will differ in depth,
dimensions, water movement, temperature and the amount of direct sunlight it receives.
In order to foster a natural balance in the feature:
add 20 to 40 liters of water from a native pond, then
for each square meter of surface area add 35 bunches of submerged oxygenating plants (The Pond Clinic, 2012); 1 water lily,
2 marginal plants and some floating aquatic plants such as water hyacinth, water lettuce or native duckweed.
The native water contains minute quantities of beneficial bacteria that start to multiply and compete with the algae for nutrients in the
water. Plants use carbon dioxide in their photosynthesis process and release oxygen into the water. Floating aquatic plants and the
deep water lily will soon spread their leaves on the surface and shade the water from direct sunlight, reducing the light reaching pond
algae and limiting its photosynthesis and reproduction. Marginal plants consume excess nitrogen and phosphates in the water, again
helping to reduce the nutrient load available to support algal growth.
Most people do not have the patience to wait through this six to eight week process. Fortunately, there are many products on the
market that greatly speed the process without adding harmful chemicals to the water. Most of the products contain beneficial bacteria
(Aquascape Inc., 2015) in liquid or dried form. These bacteria use the nutrients in the water for their food source, and are more
efficient at using the nutrients than algae, so the water features have a better chance to remain clear, and free from the pea soup look
that algae brings to an ornamental water feature. Follow the manufacturer's directions for seeding the water feature. Some require a
large boost the start of the season, followed by a smaller weekly dose.
Pesticides, herbicides and lawn fertilizers are all toxic to thriving pond life. The fine spray created in the application of pesticides
and herbicides can easily drift into the pond, polluting the water and harm aquatic life. Runoff containing phosphates from lawn
fertilizer increases the nutrient levels in the water, stimulating the production of algae and disrupting the water’s ecological balance.
The best protection against harmful chemicals is to not use them. If you must, then only under wind free conditions well away from
the water feature. Ensure that runoff from fertilized turf areas is not able to enter the water feature.
If a water feature shows signs of contamination, such as recurrent algae blooms or dying fish, identify the source, eliminate it and
take quick action to dilute the pollutants in the water through a daily series of water changes. Ideally, you should replace no more
than 10% of the features volume daily. If the problem is more serious, aggressive action may need to be taken by replacing up to 50%
of the volume, this will result in a algae bloom in a few days though.
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Maintaining a Balanced Water Feature
1. If possible, use rainwater rather than chlorinated municipal water to initially fill the feature. If municipal treated water has
been used, allow it to sit for two days prior to adding plants or fish.
2. When water temperature and quality allow, introduce 35 bunches of submerged oxygenating plants for each square meter of
surface area.
3. Provide shade for the water with the addition of deep water lilies, and freefloating aquatic plants. Cover 50 75% of the
surface with leaves from free floating aquatics and deep water lilies.
4. Add commercial beneficial bacteria to seed the pond. Follow the manufacturer's directions for the introduction of the bacteria.
5. If ornamental fish are introduced to the feature, do not overfeed them. A wellbalanced ecosystem provides a large portion of
the nutrients required by ornamental fish, so only light feedings every few days should be required. Feed only as much high
protein fish food as can be consumed by the fish in 35 minutes. Surplus food should be scooped from the surface to prevent it
from sinking to the bottom, where it will decompose, creating an excessive supply of nutrients which could trigger an algae
bloom.
6. Run the fountain, stream or waterfall to improve oxygen levels and release noxious gasses that form from decomposing organic
matter and fish waste.
7. Do not drain the feature for the winter. The ice cover is a deterrent to liner damage, and a new ecosystem will not need to be
established from scratch next season.
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Seasonal Maintenance
In addition to fostering a balanced ecosystem in the feature, there are specific maintenance activities to be performed in each season.
Keeping up with a regular maintenance regime will extend the life and performance of the operating equipment; maintain water
quality and the health of aquatic plants and animals.
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Spring Maintenance
1. Once spring has arrived, remove the heater (if used to overwinter fish).
2. Use a skimming net to remove any organic debris remaining on the surface.
3. Reposition any rocks or mulch at the edge of the feature that may have shifted over the winter.
4. If the feature has accumulated a layer of sludge, a dark film or layer of decomposing vegetation, try adding commercial
bacteria formulated to break down this sludge. This may save emptying the feature, cleaning it, refilling it and then re
balancing the feature. Some people choose to drain the water feature each spring, pressure wash the rocks, remove any organic
debris and sludge, then refilling, starting to balance the pond from scratch once again.
5. Check electrical equipment for proper operation. Test the GFCI outlets.
6. Start the pump and check the operation of the components. Check the flow of the stream as some rocks may have shifted over
the winter and modified the path of the water.
7. If fish have been overwintered indoors, test the features water temperature; once it is above 15 degrees celsius, return the fish
to their summer home. Do not start to feed them till you see them actively swimming around.
8. Add new aquatic plant material as required.
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Summer Maintenance
1. Keep the water level topped up as required. The typical evaporation rate of most water features will be between 3 5 cm a
week. This is dependent on factors such as wind conditions, and water splashing from fountains and waterfalls. Frequent top
ups will ensure you are not adding any more than 10% of the pond volume at one time. Remember that municipal tap water is
loaded with nutrients, as well as chemicals; you do not want to promote an algae bloom by adding too much nutrient rich
water.
2. Deadhead spent blooms and yellowing leaves. A deep water lily bloom lasts about 3 days; a water lily leaf has a 3 week
lifespan.
3. Add two fertilizer tablets to each water lily about once a month. Increase the frequency of fertilization if the leaves are
undersized or the new growth emerges with a yellowish hue.
4. Keep the skimmer clear of debris. This could be a weekly or daily task depending on the amount of organic debris that is
entering the water feature. If the feature does not have a built in skimmer, this will likely become a daily task with a skimming
net. If any string algae is forming remove it at the same time.
5. Free floating aquatic plants such as frogbit, duckweed, or water hyacinth should be thinned if they start to take over. 50 75%
of the water surface should be covered (shaded) to reduce the chance of an algae bloom and help keep the feature in balance.
6. Monitor the water quality regularly. This is especially important in hot weather when the feature has been stocked with fish. If
fish are observed near the surface or breaking the surface, they are not saying ``hi``, but are lacking oxygen. The oxygen
content of the water needs to be increased. To do this, add a bubbler, increase the flow of water over the waterfall or run the
waterfall 24 hours a day if you are not doing so already.
7. Clean the pump intake frequently to prevent it from becoming clogged with decaying organic debris, algae, or string algae. By
setting the pump 510 cm above the bottom of the feature you may reduce the amount of debris that plugs the intake.
8. Add a few centimeters of dampened peat moss to the bog area as required to reduce moisture loss through evaporation.
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Autumn Maintenance
1. As fall sets in it is time to prepare the plants for overwintering. Floating leaves and blooms from water lilies sometimes last
much longer than other nonaquatic plants, as the water holds heat and prevents immediate freezing of the plant material. As
they start to show the signs of colder weather, trim back the damaged leaves and blooms.
In the early days of water features, aquatic plants were brought indoors to try to overwinter them. Hardy deep water
lilies were stored in a wet, cool spot in the basement or a heated garage and held just above freezing to keep them
dormant. However, it is much easier and equally as successful to leave them in the water feature over winter, reducing
the hassle of removing the lilies and storing them on tubs inside.
2. Remove floating aquatic plants such as water hyacinth, and compost them. Native floaters, like duckweed, will form resting
buds and sink to the bottom of the feature to overwinter. In spring, as the water warms, they should float back to the surface
and continue to grow.
3. Divide and transplant bog plants as required.
4. If your pump is not freezable, now is the time to remove it for the winter. It should be stored in a bucket of water to keep the
seals moist and pliable for next season. If the pump is freezable all you need to do is unplug it. It is well worth the extra few
dollars it will cost for a freezable pump.
5. Keep the feature clear of leaves and other organic debris that may still be dropping onto the water's surface. Keep the skimmer
running until all the leaves in the area have fallen, or you can add a leaf net to catch the debris and easily remove it.
6. Hardy native marginal plants can be left in place to overwinter. Trim their foliage back to the crown, and leave the pots in
place on the marginal shelf.
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Winter Maintenance
1. If fish are being overwintered in the feature, check the heater or bubbler to ensure there is an open area of water to allow for
exchange of gasses (release of carbon dioxide and to allow oxygen to enter). Fish will become dormant but will still have slow
respiration and if no oxygen replaced, the fish will eventually suffocate. Do not be tempted to chop a hole with an axe, the
shock waves could kill the dormant fish! If needed, use boiling water to melt a hole in the ice.
2. If any aquatic plant material or the pump is being overwintered indoors, check to be sure that they are covered by sufficient
water.
3. Pull up a comfortable chair next to the fireplace and start to plan next years additions to the water feature.
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Review Questions
Complete the Review Questions for this module.
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Assignment B Water Feature
Complete Assignment B Water Features.
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Summary
Contrary to popular misconception, water features do require some level of ongoing and seasonal maintenance. Establishing and
maintaining a balanced ecosystem through the use of beneficial bacteria and aquatic plants will reduce the growth of water clouding
algae. Contamination with pesticides and fertilizer will kill pondlife and destroy the natural balance. Seasonal maintenance involve
spring cleaning, equipment servicing and the reintroduction of fish.
In the summer, daily or weekly removal of debris, plant maintenance and monitoring fish health are the primary requirements. Come
fall, it is time to prepare the plants, animals and equipment for overwintering or indoor storage. If fish are being wintered in the
pond, then it is essential to maintain some icefree water in order to allow for gas exchange. Any plants or equipment stored indoors
over the winter should be kept wet.
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References
Aquascape Inc. (2015). Beneficial Bacteria. Retrieved from http://www.aquascapeinc.com/productswatertreatmentspond
beneficialbacteria
The Pond Clinic (2012). Oxygenators. Retrieved from http://pondclinic.com/aquaticplants/oxygenators/
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What's Next?
The next series of modules explores the use of retaining walls in residential and commercial landscape applications. You will explore
the rationale for their use and the kinds of materials currently used for retaining wall construction. Different types of walls and the
procedure for their construction will also be addressed.
Links Found
URLs discovered in the source file.
- http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143021
- http://www.aquascapeinc.com/productswatertreatmentspond
- http://pondclinic.com/aquaticplants/oxygenators/
- http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/
- http://pondclinic.com/aquatic-plants/oxygenators/
- http://www.aquascapeinc.com/products-water-treatments-pond-beneficial-bacteria
- http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/quiz/view.php?id=143022
- http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/assign/view.php?id=143023