Lecture A2 - Water Feature Materials Notes

# LECTURE A2: Water Feature Materials ## My Notes — LHAP 302A Water and Light --- ## LEARNING OUTCOMES (what I need to be able to do) - [ ] Describe selected kinds of ponds - [ ] Compare selected pond liners - [ ] Describe selected features employing moving water - [ ] Outline the purpose and selection of equipment used in water feature systems --- # 📋 KINDS OF PONDS **THE BIG IDEA:** A water feature can be as simple as a container dug into the soil, or as complex as a series of ponds linked by streams and waterfalls. Every water feature must be **watertight** and be **deep enough** to support aquatic plant and perhaps animal life. Once these basic needs are met, features can be built from a broad range of materials, in any conceivable shape or size. ## General Pond Structure Although water features come in a variety of shapes and sizes, their structure typically includes: - A **defined edge** - A series of **shelves or ledges** for marginal plants - A **deep area** for water lilies - Optionally, a **biofalls waterfall starter** and a **skimming unit** to help remove floating organic debris --- ## 1. EARTH PONDS (Earth Features) Earth ponds are for sites with **good clay subsoil** and a **natural water feed** such as a spring. If space allows for a large earth feature, it can be used for recreational purposes — swimming, canoeing, raising trout in summer, and skating in winter. ### How They Work Earth ponds do **not** use a commercial liner. Instead, they rely on the **natural water-holding capabilities** of the clay subsoil to reduce water loss through infiltration and percolation. The clay subsoil is **puddled** to create a natural lining. ### What Is Puddling? Puddling simply means **compacting the clay to completely force the air out of it**, leaving a densely packed material that forms a **watertight barrier**. Historically, this was achieved by herding sheep backwards and forwards over the clay. Today, a **vibrating plate tamper** can do the work of many sheep in a fraction of the time. ### Key Requirements - **Drainage patterns must be respected** for an earth feature to work - A **steady water source is crucial** to keep water levels consistent - Once clay is shaped and puddled, a **4 cm layer of topsoil** provides a good start for plant and animal life > **KEY POINT:** Puddled earth ponds require clay subsoil + steady water source + proper drainage. All three must be present. > **TEST TIP:** A puddled earth pond = built on clay subsoil, suitable for large-scale installations, requires a steady source of water → **ALL of the above** --- ## 2. FLEXIBLE LINER PONDS Flexible liners have become the **most popular material** for water feature construction. They offer several key advantages over other pond types. ### Advantages - The liner material easily **conforms to virtually any shape**, allowing the greatest flexibility in water feature design - This makes flexible liners the **easiest pond material to install** - Any minor variation in the level at the feature's edge can be **easily corrected** after installation — pack clay under a low spot or remove excess soil from a high spot - The top edge can be **finished with a variety of materials** to suit the style of the pond and surrounding landscape — options include a **pebble beach**, **indigenous rock**, and **complementary plant material** - **Relatively easy and inexpensive to repair** (the greatest challenge is finding the hole!) - **Most economical method** of pond construction ### Disadvantages / Cautions - Require **extra vigilance during installation** - The liner's ability to conform to shape becomes a **disadvantage if soil walls slump** due to poor soil conditions - **Sharp implements or stones** can puncture a flexible liner > ⚠️ **WARNING:** The same flexibility that makes these liners easy to install makes them vulnerable. Protect against sharp objects and ensure stable soil walls! --- ## 3. FLEXIBLE LINER MATERIALS — The Three Types Three types of liner material are available, in virtually any size. Many retailers offer small and medium precuts ready to take off the shelf. ### A. BUTYL RUBBER (Isobutylene with Isopropylene) Butyl is a **synthetic rubber** commonly found in everyday waterproof products like tire inner tubes, caulks, sealants, cling wrap, and even chewing gum. **Key Advantage:** Smaller, flat sheets can be **welded together** to create virtually any 3D shape. This process is known as **box-welding**. > **TEST TIP:** When asked which liner can be welded to create various shapes → **Butyl rubber**. Only butyl can be box-welded; EPDM cannot be welded (seams are taped instead). ### B. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) PVC liners are made from **durable fish-grade PVC**. They should contain **ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers** that help protect the liner from breaking down in sunlight. **Critical Weakness:** Even with UV protection, **PVC pond liners can deteriorate within 2–3 years** when left exposed to direct sunlight. You can greatly extend the life of PVC liners by **covering the liner above water level**. > ⚠️ **WARNING:** Even with UV stabilizers, PVC pond liners can deteriorate within 2–3 years in direct sunlight. Cover the liner above water level to extend its life. Note: per the final exam, **polyethylene** is the liner most susceptible to punctures and UV deterioration overall. ### C. EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) EPDM pond liners have become the **most popular choice** among pond builders. **Key Characteristics:** - Come as **flat sheets** — when conforming to a 3D shape there will be folds or pleats (hide these with plants and rocks) - **Cannot be welded** like butyl liners — seams are taped with heavy-duty butyl tape (but this is not always successful) - **Best practice:** Purchase EPDM in a **single piece large enough** for the entire pond — no seams needed - **Even better:** In the planning stage, **design the pond to fit a size available** so no seaming is required - Available in **many different sizes and shapes** **Critical Feature for Prairie Climate:** EPDM is made from synthetic compounds that keep the material **flexible to −70°C** even years after installation. This makes it **ideally suited to our harsh prairie climate**. **Warranty:** Most EPDM liners come with a **limited 20-year warranty**. Always check with your supplier. > ⚠️ **CRITICAL:** Do NOT use EPDM liners designed for **roofing** — you must use **"fish safe" pond liners**. Roofing EPDM contains chemicals harmful to aquatic life! > **KEY POINT:** EPDM = longest expected life span in the prairie climate. It remains flexible at extremely low temperatures (−70°C), has a 20-year warranty, and is the most popular liner choice. --- ## 4. PREFORMED (MOULDED) PONDS Preformed ponds are a **good choice for small urban landscapes** — they are durable and can be repaired if punctured. The excavation can be completed in a **few hours without large power equipment**. ### Materials Manufactured from **polyethylene** or **fiberglass**, available in a variety of shapes and sizes: | Setting | Available Shapes | |---------|-----------------| | **Informal** | Free-form, kidney shapes (with shelves for marginal and emergent plants) | | **Formal** | Rectangular, octagonal, circular, or L-shapes | ### Prairie Climate Performance | Material | Life Expectancy | Prairie Suitability | |----------|----------------|---------------------| | **Polyethylene** | 20 years | Stands up better in prairie climate | | **Fiberglass** | 15–20 years | More brittle, prone to pressure damage from freeze/thaw cycles and ice | Both are **relatively durable** and — most importantly — are **resistant to the damaging effects of UV light**. ### Size Deception Warning > ⚠️ **BEWARE:** Preformed ponds **look quite large** in sales displays but **seem to shrink** once installed in the landscape. If a single preformed pond is too small for your design, consider installing **two ponds connected by a stream**. Most manufacturers sell preformed waterfall units to complement their ponds. --- ## 5. CONCRETE PONDS The use of concrete for pond construction has **rapidly declined** with the advent of durable, flexible synthetic materials. ### Disadvantages - Requires the services of a **professional concrete contractor** → increases cost - **Difficult to create natural shapes** for informal designs — formal designs are the best choice for concrete - Becomes **very rigid once set** — will **not flex** like other linings - **Prone to damage** as the ground shifts during freeze/thaw cycles - Once cracked, **difficult to return to a watertight state** - Must be **treated, repeatedly filled and drained** to leach damaging chemicals (called **"curing the pond"**) - **Lime creates additional work** — concrete contains lime that must be dealt with during the curing process ### Curing the Pond If you are adding fish to a concrete water feature, **curing is a necessity**. This involves repeatedly filling and draining to leach out damaging chemicals that would otherwise harm aquatic life. There are numerous methods — research and choose the one best suited to your specific conditions. > **KEY POINT:** Concrete is NOT ideal for pond construction on the prairies — freeze/thaw cycles cause cracking, it's rigid, expensive, and requires professional installation and curing. --- ## SUMMARY OF POND CHARACTERISTICS (Table 1 from Lecture) With the available choices in kinds of ponds, it is possible to select the type of feature that is **matched to your budget**, and level of design, installation, and maintenance expertise. | Type | Cost | Durability | Ease of Installation | Design Flexibility | Ease of Repair | Other | |------|------|------------|---------------------|-------------------|----------------|-------| | **Liners** | | | | | | | | Polyethylene | Low | Poor | Easy | Good | Difficult | Short life span | | PVC | Low to Medium | Fair to Good | Easy | Good | Possible if not brittle | Can be punctured. Finding holes can be difficult | | Butyl/EPDM | Medium to High | High | Easy | Excellent | Possible at all times | Finding holes can be difficult | | **Preformed Ponds** | | | | | | | | | High | Fair | Can be difficult | Limited | Possible | Expensive for the quantity of water they hold | | **Concrete** | | | | | | | | | Very High | Poor due to freeze/thaw action | Need to hire a professional | Good | Difficult to keep watertight | Lime creates additional work | > **TEST TIP:** Note that polyethylene appears as BOTH a liner material (poor durability, short life span) AND a preformed pond material (20-year life). The table lists it under Liners where it has the **worst durability and shortest life span** of all liner types. This is likely what Final Exam Q8 refers to regarding puncture/UV susceptibility. --- # 📋 FEATURES WITH MOVING WATER Incorporating moving water adds both **aesthetic and practical benefits**. Depending on volume and speed, the movement can create a **sense of calm or excitement**. Water cascading from a fountain, over a waterfall, or meandering down a stream is a delight to both the eye and the ear. **Practical benefit:** Fountains, waterfalls, and streams help to **aerate the water** in the feature. ### Style Matching Is Essential Moving water tends to **dominate the garden**, so feature and garden designs must be **complementary**: | Style | Moving Water Element | Why | |-------|---------------------|-----| | **Formal** | Fountains | In nature, you won't find a fountain other than a geyser. Fountains belong in formal settings ONLY | | **Formal** | Streams with architectural lines | Curved lines and sharp angles for formal feel | | **Informal** | Streams with natural shapes | Irregular, flowing lines that mimic nature | | **Informal** | NOT fountains | A fountain looks out of place in an informal feature | > **KEY POINT:** Fountains = FORMAL only. They do not occur in nature (other than geysers). Never use a fountain in an informal water feature. --- ## 1. WATERFALLS AND STREAMS Waterfalls and streams must be **carefully planned and constructed** to: - **Prevent spillage or leaking** (one of the main challenges!) - **Reduce the impact of evaporation** — moving water and water flowing over numerous rocks is subject to **high rates of evaporation** - Create **ideal conditions for aquatic plants** ### Evaporation Challenge Keeping streams **in scale with the overall installation** helps reduce constant "topping up" of the water feature. The more surface area exposed (rocks, thin film of water), the more evaporation occurs. > **TEST TIP:** One of the main challenges with waterfall and stream installations IS water loss from evaporation → **TRUE** ### Water Lilies and Moving Water Water lilies thrive in **still water**. If you want lilies: - Adjust the **volume of your waterfall** to reduce velocity as it flows into the main pond - Consider a **large, separate basin** just a few centimeters above the main pond's water level - Position fountains or streams **well away from still-water plants** - The volume of water produced by fountains/streams may need to be **restricted** ### Construction Options **Preformed Units:** - Made from the same synthetics as preformed ponds — durable in prairie climate - Advantage: **engineering is done for you** — with proper installation and correct water volume, they function nicely - Drawbacks: **expensive**, limited range of styles/sizes, **artificial appearance** difficult to camouflage **Flexible Liner Units (Butyl or EPDM):** - Very durable, afford the **greatest opportunity for informal designs** that approximate nature - Require **thoughtful planning and attention to detail** during construction to avoid spillage/leakage - Ideally, a waterfall should be designed as a **series of small pools linked by cascading water** ### Stream Design Challenges - A stream starting at the **top of a berm will look unnatural** — preferable to connect two or more ponds through **gradual meanders** - The size of ponds, stream capacity, and **pump capacity must be balanced** to prevent flooding the lower pond while leaving an **inadequate supply of water** in the upper pond once the pump is turned off --- ## 2. PONDLESS WATERFALLS A great choice if: - **Space is lacking** in the yard - You have **safety concerns** with a pond (children, bylaws) - You are **not sure if a pond is right** for your design ### How They Work The system **re-circulates water**, creating a waterfall and/or stream **without the presence of a pond**. You get the sight and sound of running water **without the maintenance or liability** of a pond. > **KEY POINT:** Pondless waterfalls = sight + sound of water, WITHOUT pond maintenance or liability concerns. Great alternative for safety-conscious or space-limited installations. --- ## 3. BUBBLING ROCKS A bubbling rock installation is a **fast and relatively easy** water feature to install. They are available in a variety of sizes and options. ### Types - Made from **natural stone** - Also made by **coring out stone** to allow water to pass through the centre, creating the illusion of water bubbling through the centre of the rock - **Basalt columns** have become very popular for use as bubbling rocks > **TEST TIP:** "A bubbling rock is a fast and relatively easy water feature to install" → **TRUE** --- ## 4. FOUNTAINS Fountains are available in a **range of styles and materials**. They are **easy to install** but you must match their output needs to the volume of your pump. Seek professional advice for pump capacity. ### Style Rules - Blend well with **formally styled** water features - Do **NOT** suit naturally shaped informal features - Remember: your goal in informal features is to **mimic nature**, and fountains do not occur in nature (except geysers) ### Fountain Shapes and Types In formal landscapes, fountains can create numerous shapes: - Water bells - Single daisies, double daisies - Foaming jets - Three-tiered - Tulip shapes Some manufacturers include **interchangeable jets** for different patterns. ### Practical Notes - **Small or fine jets** of water will be **lost in a large landscape** setting - Small nozzles have a **tendency to clog** with debris - **Geyser jets** (large, continuously changing columns of foaming water) are **not as prone to clogging** but can be **disrupted by wind** ### Ornamental Fountains Available in an extensive variety of styles: frogs, rabbits, lionheads, gargoyles, multilevel bowls, classic or contemporary sculptures. --- # 📋 EQUIPMENT FOR WATER FEATURES Depending on the type of feature, you will need some or all of the following equipment. A pump is the **heart of a water feature**. Some pumps can be left in the water feature year-round without damage from freezing. **Koi vs. Natural Ponds:** If you are planning on having **Koi** in a pond, a **filtration system will be a necessity**. A natural-looking water feature without Koi will utilize **skimmers and biofalls** for filtration. --- ## 1. PUMPS Modern compact **submersible pumps** are affordable, easy to install and maintain. Some can be left in the feature to **freeze solid without harm** to the pump. ### Performance Specifications Performance is measured in: - **Quantity of U.S. gallons moved per hour** (GPH) - **Maximum lift (head)** — the greatest height the pump can lift water > **IMPORTANT:** As the height that water is lifted increases, the output in gallons per hour will **decrease**. These two values have an **inverse relationship**. ### The 2x Rule > **KEY RULE:** As a rule of thumb, you should move **at least TWICE the volume** of your water feature per hour. Example: If your pond holds 500 gallons → pump should move at least 1,000 GPH. ### Sizing Strategy **Purchase a pump with GREATER output** than you believe you will need. This allows: - Adding a **diverter** once the feature is complete — splitting output to multiple destinations (e.g., one to a biofalls, one to a stream) - If the pump produces too much flow, output can be restricted with a **ball valve** > ⚠️ **CRITICAL:** **Never restrict the INTAKE** to reduce flow! Only restrict the **output** with a ball valve. Restricting intake damages the pump. ### Electrical Requirements Access to a **110-volt GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) outlet** is required. GFCI protection is essential for safety around water. > **TEST TIP:** When choosing a pump, look for one that can move a **minimum of 2x the volume** of the water feature per hour. Choose GREATER output than minimum needs, with valve to reduce output. --- ## 2. FILTRATION SYSTEMS Filtration systems help with **water clarity**. They work to remove or reduce algae and also collect debris and dirt. ### A. Mechanical Filters Mechanical filters **trap unwanted algae and debris** as water is pushed through a filtering agent. They are effective but require a **great amount of regular maintenance**. ### B. Active and Passive Biological Filters This is the modern, preferred system using **pond skimmers** and **biofalls** working together. #### How the System Works: **Step 1 — Pond Skimmer (Active Filter):** - Pulls water from the feature into a unit - **Collects debris and dirt** from the water surface - Houses the **pond pump** - Contains **filter media** to help clean the water - The filter media provides a **large surface area colonized by beneficial bacteria** **Step 2 — Beneficial Bacteria (Passive Biological Filter):** - These bacteria use the **nutrients in the water as their food source** - They are **much more efficient than algae** at consuming nutrients - This helps keep the water feature **clear of unsightly algae blooms** **Step 3 — Biofalls (Active Filter):** - Water is moved from the skimmer to the biofalls through a series of hoses - A **second set of artificial media** filters the water again - **Additional beneficial bacteria** continue consuming nutrients - Provides **complete active and biological filtration** #### Biofalls Advantages: - **Easy to install and maintain** - Normally require cleaning **only ONE time per year** - Can be **buried** in the ground to create the beginning of a stream - Or **raised** to create the start of a waterfall - Help the pond retain a **natural look** (easy to disguise or hide) > ⚠️ **QUIZ ALERT:** "Pond skimmers and Biofalls are considered **mechanical** filters" = **FALSE!** They are **active and passive BIOLOGICAL filters**. Mechanical filters are a separate, simpler category that trap debris through a filtering agent only. > **KEY POINT:** Skimmers + Biofalls = biological filtration system with beneficial bacteria. Mechanical filters = simple debris trapping with no biological component. --- ## 3. HEATERS Some people install a small **floating heater** to aid in overwintering fish. ### How They Work - Most units have a **thermostat** that activates the heating element at a **few degrees above freezing** - This keeps a **small area ice-free** - The ice-free area allows the **exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen** — a necessity if fish are overwintering in the feature - Without this opening, **carbon dioxide accumulates** under the ice and becomes **toxic to fish** — this is especially dangerous in smaller features where gas builds up faster > **KEY POINT:** The purpose of a floating heater is NOT to warm the water. It's to keep a small opening in the ice so **carbon dioxide can escape and oxygen can enter**. Without this gas exchange, overwintering fish will suffocate from CO₂ buildup. > **TEST TIP:** "Why install a floating heater?" → To help fish overwinter by allowing **carbon dioxide to be released** (and oxygen to enter). --- # 📝 QUICK RECALL Q&A | Question | Answer | |----------|--------| | What is the most popular material for water feature construction? | **Flexible liners** | | What materials are preformed ponds made from? | **Polyethylene** or **fiberglass** | | Is concrete ideal for prairies? | **NO** — freeze/thaw cracks it, rigid, expensive, needs curing | | What is the main challenge with waterfalls/streams? | **Water loss from evaporation** | | Are bubbling rocks easy to install? | **YES** — fast and relatively easy | | Can some pumps freeze solid safely? | **YES** — some modern submersible pumps can | | Are skimmers/biofalls mechanical filters? | **NO** — they are active + passive biological filters | | What is puddling? | Compacting clay to force out air, creating a watertight barrier | | What describes a puddled earth pond? | Built on clay subsoil, suitable for large-scale, needs steady water → **ALL of the above** | | Which liner can be welded to create shapes? | **Butyl rubber** (box-welding process) | | What is EPDM's key advantage for prairies? | Remains **flexible to −70°C** even years after installation | | How much water should a pump move per hour? | **At least 2x** the volume of the water feature | | Why never restrict pump intake? | It damages the pump — only restrict **output** with a ball valve | | What electrical outlet do pumps need? | **110-volt GFCI** outlet | | What liner is most susceptible to punctures and UV? | **Polyethylene** (per Final Exam Q8). PVC also deteriorates in 2–3 years in direct sun | | Why install a floating heater? | To keep area ice-free for **CO₂/O₂ exchange** so fish can overwinter | | Where do fountains belong? | **Formal** water features ONLY — not informal | | How often do biofalls need cleaning? | **Once per year** | | How long is EPDM warranty typically? | **20 years** (limited) | | Which preformed material is better for prairies? | **Polyethylene** (fiberglass is more brittle in freeze/thaw) | | Which liner type has the poorest durability and shortest life span? | **Polyethylene** (per Table 1) | | Is a filtration system necessary for Koi ponds? | **YES** — if you have Koi, filtration is a necessity | | What additional problem does concrete create beyond cracking? | **Lime** creates additional work during curing | --- # ❓ QUIZ PREP — Common Misconceptions (TRUE/FALSE) | Statement | Answer | Explanation | |-----------|--------|-------------| | Flexible liners are the most popular material for water feature construction | **TRUE** | They conform to any shape, are the easiest to install, and most economical | | Preformed ponds are manufactured from polyethylene or fiberglass | **TRUE** | Both materials are available; polyethylene lasts better on prairies | | Concrete is an ideal choice for pond construction on the prairies | **FALSE** | Concrete cracks from freeze/thaw cycles, is rigid, expensive, needs curing | | One of the main challenges with waterfalls/streams is water loss from evaporation | **TRUE** | Moving water over rocks creates high evaporation rates | | A bubbling rock installation is a fast and easy water feature to install | **TRUE** | Available in various sizes, made from natural or cored stone | | Some water feature pumps can be left in the feature to freeze solid without harm | **TRUE** | Modern compact submersible pumps are designed for this | | Pond skimmers and Biofalls are considered mechanical filters | **FALSE** | They are BIOLOGICAL filters (active + passive with beneficial bacteria) | | EPDM liners can be welded to create custom shapes | **FALSE** | Only BUTYL rubber can be welded (box-welding). EPDM seams use butyl tape | | PVC liners with UV stabilizers will last indefinitely in sunlight | **FALSE** | PVC deteriorates within 2–3 years even WITH UV protection if exposed to direct sun | | Fountains are appropriate for both formal and informal water features | **FALSE** | Fountains = formal ONLY. They don't occur in nature (except geysers) | | You should restrict pump intake if the flow is too high | **FALSE** | NEVER restrict intake. Use a ball valve to restrict OUTPUT only | | The purpose of a floating heater is to warm the pond water | **FALSE** | Purpose is to keep a small ice-free area for CO₂/O₂ gas exchange | --- # 📋 CRITICAL NUMBERS TO REMEMBER | Value | What It Means | |-------|---------------| | **2x volume/hour** | Minimum pump output (move at least twice the pond volume per hour) | | **−70°C** | Temperature at which EPDM remains flexible (even years after installation) | | **2–3 years** | How quickly PVC deteriorates in direct sunlight | | **20 years** | Typical EPDM limited warranty period | | **20 years** | Life expectancy of superior preformed polyethylene pond | | **15–20 years** | Life expectancy of fiberglass preformed pond | | **4 cm** | Layer of topsoil placed over puddled clay in earth ponds | | **1x per year** | How often biofalls normally require cleaning | | **110 volts** | GFCI outlet required for pump operation | --- # 📋 LECTURE SUMMARY This module introduced the various options for constructing a water feature, from lining choices to pump considerations and filtration systems. ### The Four Pond Types 1. **Earth ponds** — for rural sites with clay subsoil and natural water source; puddled clay creates the seal 2. **Flexible liner ponds** — the most popular and economical; three liner materials (butyl, PVC, EPDM) with EPDM being the best choice for prairies 3. **Preformed ponds** — good for small urban settings; polyethylene outperforms fiberglass on the prairies 4. **Concrete ponds** — declining in use; rigid, expensive, prone to freeze/thaw damage, requires curing ### Moving Water Features - **Waterfalls & streams** — add sight, sound, and aeration but watch for evaporation losses - **Pondless waterfalls** — sight and sound without pond maintenance or liability - **Bubbling rocks** — fast, easy installation with great visual impact - **Fountains** — formal settings ONLY; many shapes available via interchangeable jets ### Essential Equipment - **Pumps** — the heart of the system; buy bigger than needed, use diverter/ball valve, NEVER restrict intake - **Filtration** — mechanical (simple trapping) vs. biological (skimmers + biofalls with beneficial bacteria) - **Heaters** — floating units that keep ice-free area for CO₂/O₂ exchange during fish overwintering ### Key Takeaways 1. **Flexible liners** are the most popular and economical construction method 2. **EPDM** is the best liner for prairies — flexible to −70°C, 20-year warranty 3. **Butyl** is the only liner that can be welded (box-welding) 4. **Polyethylene** is the most susceptible to punctures and UV (per Final Exam); **PVC** deteriorates fastest in direct sunlight (2–3 years) 5. **Concrete is NOT ideal** for the prairies — freeze/thaw causes cracking 6. **Skimmers + biofalls = biological filtration** (NOT mechanical) 7. **Pumps**: always buy bigger → 2x volume per hour minimum → never restrict intake 8. **Floating heaters** are for gas exchange, not warming water --- ## WHAT'S NEXT? Module A3: Construction techniques and step-by-step directions for water feature construction.