PDF
Lecture - A2 Water Feature Materials
LHAP 302A-61-40680 (FA25) - Water and Light/Module A - Water/Lectures/Lecture - A2 Water Feature Materials.pdf
Resource Viewer
Preview or play this resource here.
Extracted PDF Text
Extracted from the original source file.
Page 1
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 1/26
Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
Site: Olds College Online
Course: LSGR 306 Landscape Construction II (Warke 2015)
Book: Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
Printed by: Annalise Layden
Date: Monday, 9 November 2015, 9:12 AM
Page 2
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 2/26
Table of contents
Introduction
Kinds of Ponds
Earth Ponds (Earth Features)
Flexible Liner Ponds
Flexible Liner Ponds Liner Material
Preformed Ponds
Concrete Ponds
Summary of Pond Characteristics
Features with Moving Water
Waterfalls and Streams
Pondless Waterfalls
Bubbling Rocks
Fountains
Equipment for Water Features
Pumps
Filtration Systems
Heaters
Review Questions
Summary
References
What's Next?
Page 3
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 3/26
Introduction
A water feature can be as simple as a container dug into the soil, or a complex as a series of ponds linked by streams and waterfalls.
Every water feature must be watertight, and be deep enough to support aquatic plant and perhaps animal life. Once these basic needs
have been satisfied, water features can be constructed from a broad range of materials, in any conceivable shape or size.
Learning Outcomes
After you have completed this module, you will be able to:
Describe selected kinds of ponds,
Compare selected pond liners,
Describe selected features employing moving water, and
Outline the purpose and selection of equipment used in water feature systems
Learning Activities
Review Questions for Water Feature Materials
Note: Module reviews make up 10% of the course grade, and are part of the Assignment Category on the course outline.
Their purpose is to provide you with review to enhance your learning and practice in preparation for the final examination.
Page 4
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 4/26
Kinds of Ponds
Although water features will be created in a variety of shapes and sizes, their structure will have a defined edge, a series of shelves, or
ledges for marginal plants, and a deep area for water lilies. A biofalls waterfall starter may be incorporated as well as a skimming
unit to help remove floating organic debris.
Page 5
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 5/26
Earth Ponds (Earth Features)
If the construction site has good clay subsoil and natural water feed, such as a spring, an earth pond is a great choice. If there is space
for a large earth feature, it can be used for recreational purposes such as swimming, canoeing, raising trout in summer and skating in
the winter.
Earth ponds do not use a commercial liner, but rely on the natural water holding capabilities of the clay subsoil to reduce water loss
through infiltration and percolation. The clay subsoil is puddled to create a natural lining. Puddling simply means compacting the
clay to completely force the air out of it, leaving a densely packed material, which forms a watertight barrier. This used to be
achieved by herding sheep backwards and forwards over the clay. Now a vibrating plate tamper can do the work of many sheep in a
small amount of time.
Drainage patterns must be respected if an earth feature is going to work. A steady water source is crucial to keep the water level
consistent. Once the clay has been shaped and puddled, a 4 cm. layer of topsoil soil will provide a good start for plant and animal
life.
Figure 1. Clay ponds can be used for recreation in all seasons. Some may call this a dugout. (CDK Structures, Ltd., 2009)
Page 6
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 6/26
Flexible Liner Ponds
Flexible liners have become the most popular material for water feature construction. When it comes to construction, these ponds
offer several advantages. The liner material easily conforms to virtually any shape, allowing the greatest flexibility in water feature
design. This makes flexible liners the easiest pond material to install.
Any minor variation in the level at the features edge can be easily corrected after installation by packing clay under a low spot or
removing excess soil from a high spot. The top edge can be finished with a variety of materials to suit the style of the pond and
surrounding landscape.
Figure 2. Cut away showing liner pond construction. Note the skimmer and biofalls. (Acadian Aquatic Systems, 2015)
Flexible liners are relatively easy and inexpensive to repair. The greatest challenge will be to find the hole! Flexible liners vary in
price and performance, but are the most economical method of pond construction. They do, however require extra vigilance during
installation. The liner’s principle advantage of conforming to the shape of the excavation will become a disadvantage if the soil walls
slump due to poor soil conditions. Sharp implements or stones can also puncture a flexible liner.
Page 7
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 7/26
Flexible Liner Ponds Liner Material
There are three types of liner material, available in virtually any size. Many retailers offer small and medium sized precuts, ready to
take off the shelf.
Butyl Rubber (isobutylene with isopropylene) Isobutylene Isoprene Rubber, butyl for short, is a synthetic rubber that is quite
common in everyday products that require a waterproof bladder. Examples of products that make use of butyl include tire inner tubes,
caulks and sealants, cling wrap and even chewing gum. An advantage of butyl, when used as a pond liner, is the ease at which
smaller, flat sheets can be welded together to create virtually any 3D shape. This process is known as boxwelding (Environmental
Expert, 2015)
PVC (poly vinyl chloride) This product is made from durable fish grade PVC. PVC liners (Colorado Lining International, n.d.)
should contain ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers that help protect the liner from breaking down in sunlight. However, even with this
protection, PVC pond liners can deteriorate within 23 years when left exposed to direct sunlight. You can greatly extend the life of
PVC pond liners by covering the liner above water level.
EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) EPDM pond liners have become most popular choice among pond builders.
EPDM liners are flat sheets. When conforming to a 3D shape like a pond, there will be folds or pleats present. These can be hidden
with plants and rocks.
While these liners cannot be welded like butyl liners, seams can be taped with heavyduty butyl tape, making the seams fully
waterproof. However, this is not always successful. To avoid problems, purchase EPDM pond liner in a single piece large enough to
line your entire pond without any seams. This should not be an issue, as EPDM is available in many different sizes and shapes.
Better still, in the planning stage, design the pond to fit to a size available so that you project will not require seaming. When you do
this you will find it can take less experience and equipment to effectively line a pond with EPDM.
Do not use EPDM liners that are designed for roofing; you must use “fish safe” pond liners. EPDM is well suited to our oftenharsh
prairie climate, as it is made from synthetic compounds that keep the material flexible to 70 degrees celsius even years after its
installation. Most EPDM liners come with a limited 20year warranty. Always check with your supplier for warranty details.
Page 8
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 8/26
Preformed Ponds
Preformed or moulded ponds are a good choice for small urban landscapes, as they are durable and can be repaired if punctured. The
hole for a preformed pond can be excavated in a few hours without large power equipment.
Manufactured from polyethylene, or fiberglass, preformed ponds are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. For informal settings
there are freeform, and kidney shapes complete with shelves for marginal and emergent plants. Rectangular, octagonal, circular or L
shapes for are available for formal applications.
In our prairie climate, polyethylene tends to stand up better than fibreglass. However, both are relatively durable and most
importantly, are resistant to the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) light. The life expectancy of superior preformed polyethylene is
twenty years, while a fibreglass unit should last fifteen to twenty years. Fibreglass however, is more brittle and prone to pressure
damage from freeze/thaw cycles and ice.
When choosing a preformed pond, beware, as their size can be deceptive. They look quite large when resting in sales displays, but
seem to shrink once they are installed in the landscape. If a single preformed pond is too small for the design, consider installing two,
with a stream connecting them. Most manufacturers sell preformed waterfall units to compliment the preformed ponds.
Page 9
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 9/26
Figure 3. 40 gallon preformed pond liner (Home Depot, 2015)
Page 10
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 10/26
Concrete Ponds
The use of concrete for pond construction has rapidly declined with the advent of durable, flexible synthetic materials.
The complexities of working with concrete necessitate the services of a professional concrete contractor, increasing the cost of
construction. It is difficult to create natural shapes for informal designs with concrete forms; formal designs are the best choice if you
are considering a concrete installation. Concrete becomes very rigid once set. It will not flex like the other water feature linings, and
is prone to damage as the ground shifts during freeze/thaw cycles. Once cracked, concrete installations are difficult to return to a
watertight state.
A concrete water feature will need to be treated and repeatedly filled and drained to leach damaging chemicals. This process is called
“curing the pond”. If you are considering a concrete water feature and will be adding fish, curing your pond is a necessity. There are
numerous methods to “cure” your pond and it is best that you research and choose the one that best suits your specific conditions.
Figure 4. Forming a concrete pond. (Koi Acres, n.d.)
Page 11
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 11/26
Summary of Pond Characteristics
With the available choices in kinds of ponds, it is possible to select the type of feature that is matched to your budget, and level of
design, installation and maintenance expertise.
Table 1. Summary of Pond Characteristics
Page 12
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 12/26
Features with Moving Water
Incorporating moving water into the water feature adds aesthetic and practical benefits. Depending on its volume and speed, the
movement can create a sense of calm or excitement. Water cascading from a fountain, over a waterfall or meandering down a gentle
stream is a delight to both the eye and the ear. Apart from their aesthetic beauty, fountains, waterfalls and streams help to aerate the
water in the water feature.
As a moving water element tends to dominate the garden, it is essential that garden and feature designs are complimentary. As an
example, in nature you won't find a fountain spewing water into the air, other than a geyser. To remain complementary, fountains
should only be used in a formally styled water feature. A fountain looks out of place in an informal water feature. Streams spilling
into formally styled features should appear architectural with curved lines and sharp angles. Conversely, a stream flowing into an
informally styled feature should reflect the irregular shapes and lines of nature.
Page 13
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 13/26
Waterfalls and Streams
Waterfalls and streams must be carefully planned and constructed to prevent spillage or leaking, reduce the impact of evaporation,
and create ideal conditions for aquatic plants. Moving water, and water flowing over numerous rocks, is subject to high rates of
evaporation. Keeping streams in scale with the overall installation should help to reduce constant “topping up” of the water feature,
due to evaporation.
Figure 5. Cascading waterfalls and stream. (Berkey Supplies, 2013)
Waterlilies thrive in still water, so if you want these aquatic plants the volume of your waterfall and your planting strategy will have
to be adjusted to reduce the velocity of a waterfall as it flows into the main pond. Consider construction of a large, separate basin just
a few centimeters above the main pond’s water level. Similarly, the volume of water produced by fountains or streams may have to
be restricted and they will need to be positioned well away from stillwater plants.
Waterfalls and stream units can be purchased or may be constructed from natural materials laid over a flexible liner. Preformed units
are constructed from the same synthetics as performed ponds, and are durable in the prairie climate. An advantage of these units is
that the engineering has been done for you. With proper installation and the correct volume of water, they will function nicely. The
drawback of preformed units includes their expense, a limited range of styles and sizes, and an artificial appearance that is often
difficult to camouflage with plantings or natural materials.
Waterfalls or streams constructed from flexible liners made from butyl or EPDM are very durable, and afford the greatest opportunity
for informal designs that approximate the work of nature. However, they require thoughtful planning and attention to details during
the construction process in order to avoid spillage or leakage. Ideally, a waterfall will be designed as a series of small pools linked by
cascading water.
Page 14
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 14/26
Designing a stream presents special challenges. For example, if a stream starts at the top of a berm, it will look unnatural, so it is
preferable for a stream to connect two or more ponds through a gradual series of meanders. The size of ponds and the capacity of the
stream and capacity of the pump must be balanced to prevent flooding the lower pond while leaving an inadequate supply of water in
the upper pond once the pump is turned off.
Page 15
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 15/26
Pondless Waterfalls
If space is lacking in your yard, or you have safety concerns with a pond, a pondless waterfall is a great choice. A pondless waterfall
installation isn't for everyone, but it can be a great alternative if you are not sure if a pond is right for your design. The system re
circulates water, creating a waterfall and/or stream without the presence of a pond. You get the sight and sound of running water
without the maintenance or liability of a pond.
Read the information on the Filtrific Pondless Waterfall System to learn how this type of water feature can eliminate problems and
work associated with traditional features (Van Isle Water, 2013). There are numerous choices available for purchase, so you can
choose the option best suited to your installation.
See the series of examples captured in this pondless waterfall gallery (Blue Thumb, 2015).
Page 16
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 16/26
Bubbling Rocks
A bubbling rock installation is a fast and relatively easy water feature to install. They are available in a variety of sizes and options.
Bubbling rock installations can be made from natural stone. They are also made by coring out stone to allow water to pass through
the centre, creating the illusion of water bubbling through the centre of the rock.
Figure 6. Basalt columns have become very popular for use as bubbling rocks. (Stonewood Design Group, 2015)
Page 17
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 17/26
Fountains
Fountains are available in a range of styles and materials. They are easy to install but care must be taken to match their output needs
to the volume of your pump to achieve the desired effect. Seek professional advice to determine the pump capacity that best suits
your fountain.
Fountains blend well with formally styled water features, but not with a naturally shaped informal water features. Remember, your
goal is to mimic nature with an informal styled water feature and fountains do not occur in nature, other than as geysers. In the
formal landscape, fountains can be used to create numerous shapes in the flow of the fountain. Water bells, single daisies, double
daisies, foaming jets, three tiered, and tulip shapes are just a few of the shapes produced by fountain kits.
Some manufacturers include a number of interchangeable jets (Atlantic Water Gardens,2015) that provide different patterns,
depending on your desired effects. Keep in mind that small or fine jets of water will be lost in a large landscape setting. Small
nozzles also have a tendency to clog with debris also. Geyser jets, which provide large, continuously changing columns of foaming
water, are not as prone to clogging but can be disrupted in windy conditions.
Ornamental fountains are available in an extensive variety of styles to compliment any formal water feature. Frogs, rabbits and
lionheads are common examples, but gargoyles, multilevel bowls and classic or contemporary sculptures are also available. Here is a
link to Atlantic Water Gardens fountain section (2015). Review it for an overview of the kinds of product available.
Page 18
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 18/26
Equipment for Water Features
Depending on the type of feature, you will need to add some of the following types of equipment to your system. There is a vast
array of choices to create a variety of effects. A pump is the heart of a water feature and some pumps can be left in the water feature
year round without damage from freezing. If you are planning on having Koi in a pond, a filtration system will be a necessity. A
natural looking water feature without Koi will utilize skimmers and biofalls for filtration.
Page 19
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 19/26
Pumps
Modern compact submersible pumps are affordable, easy to install and maintain, and now some can be left in the feature to freeze
solid with out harm to the pump. Performance is measured in the quantity of U.S. gallons moved per hour and the maximum number
of feet the water can be lifted. Maximum lift, also known as “head”, is the greatest height that the pump can lift the water, as the
height that water lifted increases the output in gallons per hour will decrease. As a rule of thumb , you should move at least twice the
volume of your water feature per hour.
Purchase the pump with greater output that you believe you will need. This allows the addition of a diverter once the water feature
has been completed. The addition of a diverter enables splitting the pump’s output to create a starting point of the water feature (e.g.
one to a biofalls and one to a stream). If you find the pump is producing too much flow, the output can be restricted with a ball valve.
Never restrict the intake to reduce flow.
When planning for the placement of the pump, remember that access to a 110 volt GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) outlet is
required.
Review this additional information on ground fault circuit interrupters (CarsonDunlop, 2015).
Page 20
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 20/26
Filtration Systems
Filtration systems may be added to help with water clarity. They work to remove or reduce the amount of algae in the water and
some also function to collect debris and dirt.
Mechanical Filters Mechanical filters simply trap unwanted algae and debris as it is pushed through a filtering agent, this type of
filter is effective but requires a great amount of regular maintenance.
Active and Passive Biological Filters Pond skimmers and Biofalls (the active filters) move water through filter media. In addition,
the water is “seeded” with beneficial bacteria whose food source is the found in the water. These bacteria are referred to as passive
biological filters. These two systems work in tandem, and are very effective while being easy to disguise or hide, which helps your
pond retain a natural look.
Pond skimmers pull water from the feature into a unit, which collects debris and dirt from the surface of the water, helping to keep
your pond clean. Skimmers house the pond pump, and contain filter media to help clean the water. The filter media also provides a
large surface area that is colonized by beneficial bacteria.
These bacteria use the nutrients in the water as their food source. As these beneficial bacteria are much more efficient than algae,
they are a great help in keeping the water feature clear of unsightly algae blooms. Review the examples and specifications of one
company's skimmers (Atlantic Water Gardens, 2015).
The water is then moved to the biofalls through a series of hoses where a second set of artificial media is waiting to filter the water
again, and additional beneficial bacteria continue to use the nutrients in the water as their food source. Biofalls provide complete
active and biological filtration. Easy to install and maintain, they normally require cleaning only one time per year.
The filters can be buried in the ground to create the beginning of a stream or raised to create the start of a waterfall. While different
companies refer to these units with different names, they all have the same purpose and outcome. See the FilterFalls that Atlantic
Water Gardens (2015) sells to complement their skimmers. These are similar to those sold by other companies.
Page 21
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 21/26
Heaters
Some people install a small floating heater to aid in overwintering fish. Most of these units have a thermostat that activates the
heating element at a few degrees above freezing. This will keep a small area ice free, allowing the exchange of carbon dioxide for
oxygen, a necessity if there are fish overwintering in the feature.
Page 22
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 22/26
Review Questions
Complete the Review Questions for this Module.
Page 23
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 23/26
Summary
This module has introduced you to the various options for constructing a water feature, be it large or small. From the choices for
lining the water feature to pump considerations and filtration systems, a water feature has many parts and decisions to be made.
Page 24
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 24/26
References
Acadian Acquatic Systems (2015).Pond kits, pondless waterfalls and water gardend. Retrieved from
http://www.acadianaquaticsystems.ca/watergardensmallponds.html
Atlantic Water Gardens (2015). Interchangeable jets. Retrieved from http://www.atlanticfountains.com/spray_patterns.htm
Atlantic Water Gardens (2015).Fountain products. Retrieved from
http://www.atlanticwatergardens.com/products/categories/fountainproducts
Atlantic Water Gardens (2015). Skimmers. Retrieved from (http://www.atlanticwatergardens.com/products/categories/water
gardeningproducts/skimmers
Atlantic Water Gardens (2015). FilterFalls. Retrieved from http://www.atlanticwatergardens.com/products/categories/water
gardeningproducts/filterfalls
Berkey Supply (2013). Berkey Water Feature Systems. Retrieved from http://www.berkeysupply.com/
Blue Thumb (2015). Pondless Waterfalls. Retrieved from http://bluethumbponds.com/pondlesswaterfalls.html
CDK Structures, Inc. (2009). Ponds. Retrieved from http://www.cdkstructures.net/uploads/images/ponds/2.jpg
Carson Dunlop (2015). Ground fault circuit interrupters. Retrieved from http://www.carsondunlop.com/resources/articles/ground
faultcircuitinterruptersgfci/
Colorado Linining International (n.d.). PVC Geomembranes. Retrieved from http://www.coloradolining.com/products/pvc.htm
Environmental Expert (2015). Rubber pond liners. Retrieved from http://www.environmentalexpert.com/waterwastewater/pond
management/products/locationcanada/?keyword=rubber+pond+liners
Graystone Creations (n.d.). Flexible Liners. Retrieved from http://www.graystonecreations.com/EPDMFirestonePondGard
FlexiblePondLinerAccessories_c_95.html?gclid=Cj0KEQjw9o
vBRCO0OLi2PfPkI8BEiQA8pdF4IwppSA8bvjzufEO2qoX1QPir7NviamCE2l1ugJXfXkaAqnz8P8HAQ
Home Depot (2015). Pro Site 40 Gal. Preformed Pond Liner Retrieved from http://www.homedepot.com/p/Unbranded40Gal
PreformedPondLinerUWPFP40/202019935
Koi Acres (n.d.) Koi Pond Construction. Retrieved from http://www.koiacres.com/pondconstruction.html
Page 25
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 25/26
Stonewood Design Group (2015). Basalt rock fountains. Retrieved from http://www.stonewooddesigngroup.com/galleries/water
featuresgallery
Van Isle Water, (2013). 5 problems solved by Filtrific’s Ponsless Water Feature System. Retrieved from
http://www.vanislewater.com/lp/5problemssolvedfiltrificspondlesswaterfeaturesystem
Page 26
11/9/2015 Lecture A2 Water Feature Materials
http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017 26/26
What's Next?
In the next module construction techniques and stepbystep directions will guide you through water feature construction.
Links Found
URLs discovered in the source file.
- http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143017
- http://www.acadianaquaticsystems.ca/watergardensmallponds.html
- http://www.atlanticfountains.com/spray_patterns.htm
- http://www.atlanticwatergardens.com/products/categories/fountainproducts
- http://www.atlanticwatergardens.com/products/categories/water
- http://www.berkeysupply.com/
- http://bluethumbponds.com/pondlesswaterfalls.html
- http://www.cdkstructures.net/uploads/images/ponds/2.jpg
- http://www.carsondunlop.com/resources/articles/ground
- http://www.coloradolining.com/products/pvc.htm
- http://www.environmentalexpert.com/waterwastewater/pond
- http://www.graystonecreations.com/EPDMFirestonePondGard
- http://www.homedepot.com/p/Unbranded40Gal
- http://www.koiacres.com/pondconstruction.html
- http://www.stonewooddesigngroup.com/galleries/water
- http://www.vanislewater.com/lp/5problemssolvedfiltrificspondlesswaterfeaturesystem
- http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/
- http://www.environmental-expert.com/water-wastewater/pond-management/products/location-canada/?keyword=rubber+pond+liners
- http://www.environmental-expert.com/products/rdl-box-welded-pond-liner-284680
- http://www.graystonecreations.com/EPDM-Firestone-PondGard-Flexible-Pond-Liner-Accessories_c_95.html?gclid=Cj0KEQjw9o-vBRCO0OLi2PfPkI8BEiQA8pdF4IwppSA8bvjzufEO2qoX1QPir7NviamCE2l1ugJXfXkaAqnz8P8HAQ
- http://www.vanislewater.com/lp/5-problems-solved-filtrifics-pondless-water-feature-system
- https://www.google.ca/search?q=pondless+waterfall&rlz=1C5AVSZ_enCA593CA603&espv=2&biw=1440&bih=681&tbm=isch&imgil=uOtoIQ0CcKGsaM%253A%253BilRwe14B0192cM%253Bhttps%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.countrybasketniagara.com%25252Findex.php%25253Fp%2525253DPond_Less_Waterfall_Seminar&source=iu&pf=m&fir=uOtoIQ0CcKGsaM%253A%252CilRwe14B0192cM%252C_&usg=__mnMGv-o9CfqWPD-CikRq2dP9jJU%3D&ved=0CCYQyjdqFQoTCKGf5avl1McCFcsyiAod8t8Nbw&ei=xg3lVaGkO8vloATyv7f4Bg#imgrc=V63gE0YIOlPK5M%3A&usg=__mnMGv-o9CfqWPD-CikRq2dP9jJU%3D
- http://www.atlanticwatergardens.com/products/categories/fountain-products
- http://www.carsondunlop.com/resources/articles/ground-fault-circuit-interrupters-gfci/
- http://www.atlanticwatergardens.com/products/categories/water-gardening-products/skimmers
- http://www.atlanticwatergardens.com/products/categories/water-gardening-products/filterfalls
- http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/quiz/view.php?id=143018
- http://www.acadianaquaticsystems.ca/watergarden-small-ponds.html
- http://bluethumbponds.com/pond-less-waterfalls.html
- http://www.homedepot.com/p/Unbranded-40-Gal-Preformed-Pond-Liner-UWPFP40/202019935
- http://www.koiacres.com/pond-construction.html
- http://www.stonewooddesigngroup.com/galleries/water-features-gallery