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Lecture - A1 Water in the Landscape
LHAP 302A-61-40680 (FA25) - Water and Light/Module A - Water/Lectures/Lecture - A1 Water in the Landscape.pdf
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11/9/2015 Lecture A1 Water in the Landscape
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Lecture A1 Water in the Landscape
Site: Olds College Online
Course: LSGR 306 Landscape Construction II (Warke 2015)
Book: Lecture A1 Water in the Landscape
Printed by: Annalise Layden
Date: Monday, 9 November 2015, 9:07 AM
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Table of contents
Introduction
Functions of Water in the Landscape
Site Assessment
Client Needs
Site Characteristics and Design Opportunities/Limitations
Design Guidelines for Water Features
Style
Size
Location
Budget
Review Questions
Summary
References
What's Next?
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Introduction
As a part of our natural environment, water is perhaps the most versatile and adaptable element you can introduce into the landscape.
Water is a perfect companion in any setting and works, on any scale, from a tiny balcony fountain to a grand recreation pond on an
acreage. There are many ways to add water into a landscape, from a small container neatly tucked in a corner, to a pondless
waterfall, or a large pond with a waterfall and stream. Water can serve many roles in a given landscape, once you have determined
what those will be you can apply basic guidelines to start to plan the installation.
Learning Outcomes
After you have completed this module, you will be able to:
summarize landscape water feature functions,
describe selected elements of the site assessment process, and
outline selected design guidelines for water features.
Learning Activities
Review Questions for Water in the Landscape
Note: Module reviews make up 10% of the course grade, and are part of the Assignment Category on the course outline.
Their purpose is to provide you with review to enhance your learning and practice in preparation for the final examination.
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Functions of Water in the Landscape
There are numerous reasons to introduce water into a landscape, but the overarching reason is the intrinsic beauty and tranquility a
water feature brings. Water features appeal to all the senses, enhancing a gardens value as a space to recuperate from the hectic hustle
and bustle of everyday life. Consider the following ways in which a water feature can add new dimensions to an outdoor living space.
Reflections The water's surface mirrors the nature around it, doubling the value of your construction efforts, and claiming the
sky and clouds as part of the garden scene.
Motion Ripples in a pond, or splashes from a stream or waterfall bring movement to the garden.
Sound The sound of moving water can screen out the sounds and unwanted distractions of everyday life. Add a waterfall or
fountain, and the sound brings yet another dimension to any setting.
Habitat for Wildlife Once water has been added to the landscape, birds and other assorted wildlife will soon be regular
visitors. It is interesting to see how soon aquatic bugs and snails will claim your water feature as their home. The flash of
brilliantly coloured fish greatly adds to the enjoyment of many people’s water features.
Habitat for Novel Plant Material Aquatic plants bring a new form of gardening to most landscapes, and they are self
watering! Aquatic plants provide colours, and textures that are not found with traditional plant material. There are many
native species available that are suited for planting in and around water features.
Design Focal Point Water features make ideal design focal points as the can appeal to all the viewer’s senses.
Natural Landscape All the above elements combine to give a yard with a water feature a more natural look and feel. Water
features are environmentally friendly and, like other types of landscaping, water features mature with age, increasing in value.
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Site Assessment
As with any landscape project, you need to determine the needs of the client and become familiar with the site before starting to make
design plans. A full site assessment includes soiltesting, mapping the site for existing features, plant material and utilities, and
making note of all existing environmental conditions and other factors that will affect the finished landscape. For the purposes of this
module, the focus is limited to the client and selected site characteristics.
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Client Needs
The function water plays in the landscape will depend on your, or your client’s, wants and needs. The role water will play in the
landscape must be identified early in the design process.
Will the water feature become a dramatic focal piece, or a quiet hidden oasis, tucked away somewhere in the landscape? Will a small
portable container, or fountain suffice, or will a major project involving excavation of numerous cubic meters of soil be required? If
moving water is desired, will it be an attention grabbing cascade, or a barely audible trickle?
As a water feature can easily dominate the landscape, one must consider how far the ambiance will be allowed to extend into the
outdoor and interior living spaces.
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Site Characteristics and Design Opportunities/Limitations
Topography If there is an existing slope on the site, you may consider a cascading waterfall that blends with a hillside rock
garden or a meandering stream. If the landscape is without any natural slope, consider a still pond, or a pondless waterfall.
Available Space Medium and large properties have few space limitations when it comes to a feature. However, small,
confined spaces can still enjoy the benefits that a water feature adds to a location. As long as there is an electrical outlet
nearby, a onepiece wall fountain is easily hung to add the sight and sound of moving water to the space. A miniature water
feature in a watertight container can be placed in any location, shade or sun. Add a Japanese style water flute and you will
have the sight and sound of a full water feature in a small, easy to manage unit.
Maintenance Requirements A water feature may require less maintenance than a similarsized turf area. However, keep in
mind that water features still require maintenance (e.g. deadheading blooms and leaves, scooping debris, dealing with algae).
The water level must be monitored and kept at the appropriate level. Make sure that you or your clients are not fooled into
thinking that you just need to fill the feature with water and walk away. Module B4 will address water feature maintenance in
more detail.
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Design Guidelines for Water Features
As with any aspect of landscape design, there are general guidelines to consider when developing the final plans for a constructed
water feature. The style, size and location of a feature are addressed in this module, as is an overview of basic budget concerns.
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Style
Water features, large or small, prominent or secluded, near an existing structure, or freestanding, should blend seamlessly into the
landscape. Will the feature be formal with geometric circles or angles reflecting the architecture of the adjacent buildings, or will it
have an informal design, with irregular shapes that could have easily been crafted by nature? Would a mix of the two styles work in
the setting?
A symmetrically shaped formal water feature is ideally suited to settings where walkways and planting beds are geometric,
manicured, repeating shapes and forms found in existing architecture such as houses, garages, decks, or potting sheds. Considering
the construction materials and techniques used in formal water feature construction, a smooth transition to the remaining garden is
sometimes not easily obtainable. Formal water features may be a bit easier to construct than informal features, but the construction
materials may be more expensive, and could require professional installation.
Figure 1. A formal reflecting water feature (Warke, n.d.)
An informal water feature is best suited to landscapes with softly curved planting beds and meandering pathways. The goal in
creating an informal water feature is to make it look like it has always been there, not created and constructed. The water feature
should fit in as a natural part of the garden. Informal features tend to be more adaptable to a wide range of settings, but require
careful, thorough and thoughtful planning. The effect is easier to accomplish if the feature is placed some distance away from
existing architecture. Informal features are typically more difficult to construct than a formal feature, but the extra effort will pay off
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with the fluid transition from water to land supplied by rocks, bogdwelling and other moisture loving plants.
Figure 2. Informal backyard water feature (Warke, n.d.).
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Size
Water features must match the scale of the property, existing landscape and building elements and the kinds of plant material you
want to inhabit the water. A small oasis hidden in the corner of a large city garden will be a delight to visitors, but a tiny pond
constructed in a vast acreage lawn will look like a misplaced puddle. A country acreage with clay subsoil and a natural spring is best
suited to a pond large enough for recreational activities such as swimming, and skating during the long cold winters. Urban lots are
best suited to small features and container gardens.
Large water features have the advantage of requiring less maintenance. With large volumes of water, they maintain more consistent
temperatures, and once a balanced ecosystem is developed, are easier to keep in balance (balancing will be discussed in B4 Water
Garden Maintenance). Large water volumes also means these features are able to assimilate a certain amount of the methane released
by decomposing organic matter that sinks to the bottom of the pond. In smaller features, the methane released can reach high enough
concentrations to harm fish.
If the feature is deep enough, hardy water lilies can be overwintered in the deepest part of the pond, where it does not freeze solid.
Fish will also enter into dormant stage and overwinter with success in deep ponds that do not freeze to the bottom.
Smaller features require more frequent attention, but still are able to host a pleasing variety of aquatic wildlife. As an example, for
each square meter of water surface, a water feature can accommodate one large water lily; two bunches of grasses or rushes, and two
small fish in a 90 cm deep feature.
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Location
Water features must be placed in garden settings, with consideration for safety of children and visitors. The article Baby Jesse
Update: Pond in Violation of City Bylaws (Business Times, June 18, 2012) provides a stark reminder of the importance of safety. In
addition to adhering to the bylaws of your city or municipality, other factors the effect the location of inground water features
include accessibility to utilities, existing plant material, and space utilization, and the kind of aquatic plants and wildlife that you want
to bring into the yard.
A water feature should provide enjoyment, not constant worry. Choose a safe location. If children frequent the area a fence may
need to be added into the design. Many cities and municipalities consider water features deeper than 60 cm as swimming pools and
have strict guidelines regarding safety fencing and placement. Note the first page of the City of Edmonton Pond Permit, as an
example of possible regulatory requirements. Always check with the local authorities, for local codes and regulations.
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Figure 3. Pond Permit (City of Edmonton, 2015)
Additional practical issues to consider include the location of utilities and how accessible they are to the proposed site. Access to
water and electricity are required to operate and maintain a water feature. Neither of these is difficult to bring to the site, but the
greater the distance, the more expensive and complicated the construction will become. Also, remember that any excavation requires
the identification and marking of underground utilities prior to any digging. Have the local One Call service mark the lines prior to
committing to a final location for the water feature.
Once utility lines are marked you can consider the ease of access for construction equipment and any other challenges you may find
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with the location. A large, deep feature may require earth moving and hauling equipment. Consider future plans and projects for the
landscape. Once the feature has been completed and the landscape has matured, can equipment be maneuvered past the area without
causing damage?
Location will also affect the frequency and extent of maintenance required. Water features placed close to large trees will have the
constant contamination of falling leaves, though this can be somewhat mitigated by the installation of a pond skimmer. If organic
debris is not removed its decay will reduce the level of oxygen in the water, which has a negative effect on aquatic life. It will also
discolour the water and can clog overflow channels or pumps and be a general nuisance.
The kinds of plant material that will grow in and around the water garden will also be affected by the location you choose. Is the
proposed site in the sun or shade? Is it sheltered from prevailing winds? Most water lilies require a minimum of 6 hours of direct
sunlight in order to reward you with blooms; if lilies are your goal location the pond away from trees and tall shrubs that may create
afternoon shadows. If lilies are not a prime concern, a shade pond is a great option as there are numerous aquatic plants that thrive in
the shade. One advantage of a shaded garden is that weedy algae will be somewhat less of a challenge.
Another consideration in location selection is to determine where desirable wildlife will feel most welcome. Microscopic waterlife
and aquatic insects could care less where the pond is and birds will be relatively daring. However, amphibians and small mammals
prefer a location that is some distance from humans.
Once you have determined one or more locations for the installation, lay a mirror on the ground at the proposed sites to check the
reflections that will be captured by the water. Step back and observe the reflections of the various garden elements that already exist.
What will the water feature capture in its reflections besides clouds? Some of these reflections may not be what you were planning
for. Unsightly reflections can be screened by plantings, or the location may need to be changed.
If the water feature will include moving water, the sound level will need to be considered. To simulate a cascading waterfall, set a
garden hose to flow into a bucket from 100 120 cm. Step back and judge the sound from various distances. The sound level should
not interfere with conversation or sleep. The more audible the feature, the farther it will need to be placed from the house and
conversation areas in the garden.
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Budget
A water feature can be as large as one's imagination allows, but at some point the overall cost must be taken into consideration. If
plans exceed the budget, consider constructing the feature is stages, over a couple of seasons. As with any acquisition, it is best to
purchase quality pieces one at a time, than to settle for a less than desirable ensemble that will disappointing over the long term.
Extending construction over a couple of seasons makes the initial design process critical. The first season will be used for the design
and initial construction. Then, in season two, you can follow up with pumps, accessories, plant material and the final landscaping to
blend the feature into the existing landscape.
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Review Questions
Complete the Review Questions for this module.
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Summary
Water features have gained popularity because of their versatility and the way that water can be used to create a mood and add to the
value of a property. Mimicking water in the natural landscape, they bring motion, sound and new plants and animals to a setting
while reflecting the surrounding garden and sky.
When planning a water feature, you first should first determine the client’s needs and maintenance expectations while assessing the
topography and space available for the feature. In determining the kind of water feature, consider which style and size best suits the
existing landscape. Local bylaws, the location of utilities and existing landscape plantings will influence where you locate the feature,
as will the kinds of plants and animals you have planned for it.
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References
Business Times ( June 18, 2012) Baby Jesse Update: Pon in Violation of City Bylaws. Retrieved from
http://www.mississauga.com/newsstory/3126430babyjesseupdatepondinviolationofcitybylaws/
City of Edmonton(2015). Pond permit. Retrieved from http://www.edmonton.ca/bylaws_licences/servicepondpermit.aspx
Warke, T. (n.d.) Images of water features. Sunworks, Red Deer: Alberta.
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What's Next?
In the next module you will be introduced to the most common kinds of water features. The module will compare the characteristics
of different features and their suitability for use on small and large properties.
Links Found
URLs discovered in the source file.
- http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=143015
- http://www.mississauga.com/newsstory/3126430babyjesseupdatepondinviolationofcitybylaws/
- http://www.edmonton.ca/bylaws_licences/servicepondpermit.aspx
- http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/
- http://www.mississauga.com/news-story/3126430-baby-jesse-update-pond-in-violation-of-city-bylaws/
- http://ocmoodle.oldscollege.ca/mod/quiz/view.php?id=143016
- http://www.edmonton.ca/bylaws_licences/service-pond-permit.aspx